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MyoD调控肺癌细胞中NGAL基因的基础表达

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MyoD调控肺癌细胞中NGAL基因的基础表达1

常静霞1,2,许丽艳2,袁华敏1,2,杜则澎3,蔡唯佳2,李恩民1

1汕头大学医学院生物化学与分子生物学教研室,汕头 (515041)

2汕头大学医学院肿瘤病理研究室,广东省免疫病理重点实验室,汕头 (515041)

3汕头大学理学院生物系,汕头 (515063)

E-mail:nmli@stu.edu.cn

摘 要:中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NGAL)是lipocalin家族的一个成员。研究发现NGAL基因在许多肿瘤组织细胞中过表达,然而过表达的表达调控机制尚不清楚。本文以肺癌细胞系A549和95D为研究对象,通过对NGAL启动子区(-1431~+84)的缺失和突变分析,检测报告基因活性,研究发现含有肌肉调节因子(MRFs)结合位点的-106~-79区间可能是NGAL基因的最小功能启动子区。而进一步的凝胶滞留、超滞留实验和Western blotting检测证明MRFs 家族中的MyoD能够调控NGAL基因的基础转录活性。 关键词:NGAL,转录调节因子,MyoD,最小功能启动子区,肺癌细胞 中图分类号:Q784;R735.1

1. 引言

中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL),是1993年由Kjeldsen 等人在中性粒细胞内首先发现的25 kD糖蛋白,是脂质运载蛋白(Lipocalin)家族的成员之一。近年来研究发现,NGAL在有炎症反应的上皮细胞中也有表达[1],而且在不同的组织和细胞的病理及生理条件下具有多种功能表现形式。NGAL作为小NGAL参与细胞分化过程并在凋亡中扮分子铁结合蛋白能够捕获铁而起到抑菌剂的作用 [2];

演存活因子的角色[3];在肿瘤细胞或组织中,如肺癌、结肠癌、肝癌、乳腺癌和胰腺癌,能够检测到NGAL的上调表达[4],这提示NGAL可能与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。有人研究发现NGAL能与MMP-9相互作用,使MMP-9免被降解,从而导致MMP-9的活性维持在一定水平,这可能是NGAL在肿瘤进程中体现其功能的重要表现之一[5,6]。本课题组研究发现,NGAL在人类永生化食管上皮细胞恶变过程中显著过表达[7],而且反义封闭NGAL的表达能够使食管癌细胞中的MMP-9活性明显降低,侵袭能力明显减弱,这表明NGAL确实在促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移中发挥作用[8]。然而,迄今为止,关于NGAL基因在肿瘤细胞中的过表达调控机制尚未阐明。

Cowland等人曾研究发现在肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞A549中,IL-1β能够通过NF-κB 和 IκB-ζ等转录因子的激活,使NGAL的表达水平上调10倍以上[9,10]。我们在食管癌EC109细胞中研究NGAL对TPA诱导的反应性时,发现在NGAL基因5′侧翼区-152~-60区间存在有TPAGombart等通过C/EBPε缺陷鼠证明C/EBPε反应元件,而且基础表达的核心区间与此一致[11]。能够增强中性粒细胞中NGAL的转录[12]。Cowland曾指出在A549细胞中NGAL基因5′侧翼区-153~-90区间内可能含有对基础表达至关重要的调控元件[9]。但是, 目前为止,这些调控元件及其与其相互作用的转录因子并没有被鉴定出来。为此,本文在以往研究工作基础上,研究证明在95D和A549细胞中NGAL基因5′侧翼区-106~-79区间是其最小功能启动子区,而且与其发生相互作用的转录因子MyoD能够调控NGAL基因的基础转录活性。

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本课题得到国家自然科学基金面上项目(30672376, 30570849, 30370641),中国高等教育博士科研基金项目(20050560002, 20050560003),广东省自然科学基金重点项目(37788, 05104541)等资助。

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2. 材料和方法

2.1 细胞培养

95D(高转移性肺癌细胞系)和A549细胞(肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞系)购自中国科学院上海细胞库。95D和A549细胞均在5% CO2 和 37°C条件下,在DMEM/HAM F12 (1:1)培养基(Invitrogen)中贴壁生长。转染时,96孔板中细胞接种密度为1.5 ×105个/ml。

2.2 细菌菌株、质粒及主要试剂

JM109细菌菌株、萤火虫荧光素酶报告基因表达载体pGL3-Basic、海肾荧光素酶报告基因表达载体pRL-TK、双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统、定点突变试剂盒及逆转录试剂盒均购自美国promega公司。转染试剂Superfect及质粒提取试剂盒购自德国QIAGEN公司。抗体和凝胶滞留试剂盒分别购自美国的Santa Cruz和德国的Roche公司。限制性内切酶等分子生物学常规试剂购自北京华美公司和上海生工公司。

2.3 RT-PCR

根据TRIZOL 试剂(Invitrogen)的说明书,提取95D和A549细胞的总RNA,并取1µg RNA利用反转录试剂盒进行反转录合成cDNA(Promega)。然后以1µl cDNA为模板进行PCR反应:95°C 2min;94°C 30s,55° 30s,72°C 30s,35个循环;72°C 10min。扩增NGAL基因的引物分别为:5'-GGATCCGTCAGGACTCCACCTCAGA-3' 和5'-GGTACCTCAGC CGTCGATACACTG-3';扩增管家基因GAPDH的引物分别为5'-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGA GTC-3' 和5'-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3'。

2.4 免疫荧光

95D和A549细胞接种到7×22mm的盖玻片上,长成单层。PBS漂洗三次后,将细胞用100%甲醇在-10°C条件下固定15min。然后再用0.2% Triton X-100室温下处理10min,接着用10%正常山羊血清封闭20min。滴加大鼠抗人NGAL的一抗(1:40,R&D),4°C孵育过夜。次日,细胞经PBS漂洗后,再与荧光标记的羊抗大鼠二抗(Zymed Biot Co)室温孵育30min。然后再漂洗、50%甘油封片,荧光显微镜下观察并摄像。

2.5 载体构建

NGAL基因5′侧翼区不同长度片段pGLB系列载体构建以及相关引物详见参考文献[11]。通过生物信息学分析发现,在-106~-79区间含有AP-2、SP1、MRFs等顺式作用元件,于是以-140缺失子为模板采用定点突变技术对这些元件进行突变。突变位点如下:1) 105m:(-105/-104:CC→TT,AP-2);2) 100m:(-100/-99:GG→TT,SP1);3) 95m:(-95/-94:TG→AC,MRF4);5) 85m:(-85/-84:TG→AA,MyoD)。得到的突变子经过SSCP分析并进行DNA测序确证。

2.6 瞬时转染和报告基因分析

对需转染的pGLB系列突变子与内参照质粒pRL-TK提取质粒(QIAGEN公司质粒提取试剂盒)并测定含量。用Buffer EB将实验质粒稀释至100ng/µl,内参照质粒稀释至20ng/µl。然后按50:1的比例混合,即1µg:20ng。当95D和A549细胞在96孔板中生长的满度达50-80%时,采用Superfect转染试剂进行瞬时转染。将上述混合好的质粒与转染试剂以500ng:1µl的比例转染进细胞,继续在5% CO2 和 37°C条件下培养48h。然后收获细胞,采用双荧光素酶

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报告基因分析系统提供的试剂以及说明进行检测双荧光素酶活性。实验结果以均数±标准差(mean ± s)表示,每组实验样品有三个平行实验孔,并至少进行两次重复实验。

2.7 Western blot analysis

按照分子克隆[13]提取核蛋白的方法从95D和A549细胞中提取核蛋白,Bradford法测定蛋白含量。然后取100µg核蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳并转印至PVDF膜(Millipore)。膜漂洗干净后用5%脱脂牛奶封闭1h,分别用抗MRFs家族的四个成员MyoD,Myf5,Myogenin和MRF4的抗体(Santa Cruz)室温孵育2h,接着二抗孵育2h。最后采用化学发光法通过FluorChemTMIS-8900(Alpha Innotech, USA)成像系统发光成像。

2.8 凝胶滞留分析(EMSA)和超滞留分析(Supershift analysis)

EMSA所用寡核苷酸序列详见表1。按照Roche公司的说明书,将合成的单链寡核苷酸退火并用地高辛标记制备探针。在20µl反应体系下,核蛋白与探针在含20 mM Hepes 0.2% Tween-20 (w/v),(pH7.9),1 mM EDTA (pH8.0),1 mM 二硫苏糖醇,10 mM (NH4)2SO4,30 mM KCl,1µg poly-[d(I-C)] 和 0.1µg poly L-lysine溶液中室温下孵育30min。然后,在0.5×TBE 的电泳缓冲液中6%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,条件为4°C,80V电泳100 min。将含有DNA-蛋白复合物的凝胶转印至尼龙膜上,4°C 400mA转印30min 后120°C干燥30min。然后用碱性磷酸酶标记的抗地高辛抗体孵育30min,CSPD化学发光试剂发光, FluorChemTMIS-8900成像系统拍照。进行超凝胶滞留分析时,先将2µl的抗MyoD和Myf5抗体(Santa Cruz)与核蛋白室温孵育20min后,再加入探针室温孵育20min。同时,为检测滞留带的特异性,加入不同浓度的未标记寡核苷酸作为竞争剂。

Tab. 1 Oligonucleotides used in EMSA analysis

Name Sequence (5′ → 3′)

-112/-74 AGTGTTTCCGCAGGAGTTGCTGGCAATTGCCTCACATTC GAATGTGAGGCAATTGCCAGCAACTCCTGCGGAAACACT

-95/-94m AGTGTTTCCGCAGGAGTACCTGGCAATTGCCTCACATTC GAATGTGAGGCAATTGCCAGGTACTCCTGCGGAAACACT

-84m AGTGTTTCCGCAGGAGTTGCTGGCAATTTCCCCACATTC GAATGTGGGGAAATTGCCAGCAACTCCTGCGGAAACACT

-80m AGTGTTTCCGCAGGAGTTGCTGGCAATTGCCTTGCATTC GAATGCAAGGCAATTGCCAGCAACTCCTGCGGAAACACT

3. 结果

3.1 95D和A549细胞中NGAL基因的表达

本文采用RT-PCR和免疫荧光的方法分别检测了肺癌细胞95D和A549中NGAL基因的表达情况。由图 1A可见,95D和A549细胞均有一大小为597bp的特异条带,表明有NGAL基因mRNA的表达。而由图 1B可见,在95D和A549细胞胞浆中呈现颗粒状弥散性分布的特异性绿色荧光染色,表明有NGAL蛋白的表达。

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Fig .1 NGAL expression in 95D and A549 cells.

(A) RT-PCR assay of NGAL mRNA level. Detection of GAPDH was used as a control. (B) Location of NGAL expression was determined by immunofluorescent staining. Intense green fluorescence corresponding for NGAL could be seen in the cytoplasm of the 95D cells (×200) and A549 cells (×200) with a diffuse to granular pattern.

3.2 pGLB系列突变子的鉴定

根据单链构象多态性(SSCP)的原理筛选突变重组子。对可疑重组子进行Hind Ⅲ和KpnⅠ双酶切,8%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,银染。如图2A所示,长度未发生改变的单链DNA因不同位置的碱基发生突变而引起序列构象变化,从而导致单链DNA的迁移率与未发生突变的明显不同。并且将鉴定出的突变质粒送至上海基康公司测序,然后经过测序图分析确证(图2B),结果与我们设计的突变位置完全一致,表明突变质粒已经构建成功。

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Fig .2 Identification of mutations for binding sites of MRF4, MyoD, AP-2 and SP1.

(A) The result of mutational constructs by SSCP. 1. 95m; 2. 85m; 3. -140; 4.105m; 5. 100m. (B) The

sequencing of mutations.

3.3 -106~-79区间是NGAL基因的最小功能启动子区

为确定NGAL基因的核心启动子区并鉴定出其间的关键调控元件,我们将重组质粒与内参照质粒pRL-TK共转染进95D和A549细胞后,检测NGAL的相对荧光素酶活力。检测结果显示,从-152缺失至-140,NGAL的启动子活性约有70%已丧失,说明这段序列中存在着影响NGAL基因转录活性的关键元件(另文发表)。而从-106缺失至-78时,NGAL的转录活性几乎完全丧失(图3A),这提示从-106到-79这段区间对于NGAL的基础启动子活性是非常重要的,可能是NGAL基因的一个最小功能启动子区。针对-106到-79这段序列进行转录因子结合位点分析(http://www.cbil.upenn.edu/cgi-bin/tess 和http://www.gene- regulation. com/AliBaba2.1)发现存在有AP-2、SP1、MRFs等转录因子的结合位点(图3B)。于是我们又以-140为模板采用定点突变的方法构建了105m、100m、95m和85m一系列突变重组子(图2),并检测其相对荧光素酶活力。实验结果显示,与未突变质粒-140相比, 105m和100m的荧光素酶活性并没有发生明显变化,即AP-2和SP1结合位点突变后,不影响NGAL基因的转录活性;而95m和85m的则约有50%下降,这说明MRFs结合位点对于NGAL基因的基础启动子活性是非常关键的(图3C)。

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Fig .3 The basal activity of the NGAL promoter in 95D and A549 cells.

(A) Relative luciferase activities of various 5'deletion constructs of the NGAL promoter ranging from -1431 to -59. Luciferase activity was normalized to the Renilla luciferase activity and then shown relative to that of -1431 deletion, which was given the value 1. Background activity was determined by including the pGL3-Basic vector with no promoter insert (Basic). (B) The sketch map for the putative transcription regulation elements in NGAL gene 5' flanking -152~+84 region. (C) Relative lucaferase activities of point mutations of 140 mutants. Luciferase activity was normalized to the Renilla luciferase activity and then shown relative to that -140 deletion, and given the value 1. The data were obtained from a single experiment repeated two more times with similar results. Each value is the mean ± s of at least three independent experiments. In A and C, schematic representation of the NGAL promoter constructs used for transient transfections is shown on the left, with the relative luciferase

activity from each construct on the right.

3.4 MyoD可能是调控NGAL基础表达的转录调节因子

根据报告基因结果,我们推测MRFs可能在95D和A549细胞中调控着NGAL的基础表达。从95D和A549细胞中提取核蛋白,应用抗MRFs的抗体通过western blotting检测MRFs蛋白的表达情况。结果显示MRF4及Myogenin都没有目的条带(数据未给出),而MyoD和Myf5则分别检测出目的条带(图4A)。这提示在95D和A549细胞中MyoD和Myf5转录因子可能对NGAL基因的启动子活性起着调节作用。为了进一步确证这个问题,我们针对MRFs结合位点合成寡核苷酸探针,并把MRFs结合位点进行不同方式的突变作为非特异性竞争剂(见表1)。然后采用EMSA方法分析含有MRFs结合位点的NGAL启动子序列与95D和A549细胞核蛋白的结合情况。研究结果显示,在这两种细胞中都能够形成DNA-蛋白复合物(图 4 B,C,lane 1)。为检测其结合的特异性,又加入未标记的寡核苷酸作为竞争性抑制剂。随着浓度的增加,复合物逐渐消失(图4 B,C,lanes 7-8)但是当加入未标记的突变的寡核苷酸时,复合物仍然存在(图4 B,C,lane 4(-80m);lane 5(-84m);lane 6(-95/-94m))。而超滞留分析结果可见,抗MyoD抗体能够使DNA-蛋白复合物消失并产生一条超滞留带(图4 B,C,lane 2),Myf5则不能。这些结果表明在肺癌细胞中MyoD能与NGAL的最小功能启动子区结合,从而调控NGAL的基础表达。

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Fig .4 MyoD was present in 95D and A549 cells and bound to the NGAL promoter.

(A) Nuclear extract were collected from 95D and A549 cells, and tested for MRFs by western blotting analysis. (B) and (C) EMSA analysis. Nuclear extracts from 95D cells (B) and A549 cells (C) were incubated with a Dig-labeled oligonucleotide spanning the NGAL promoter segment -112/-74, which contained MRFs binding sites (lane 1). Binding specificity was confirmed by chasing labeled -112/-74 with a 125 or 375-fold molar excess of unlabled -112/-74, lanes 7-8 (spec comp), respectively, and a 125-fold molar excess of MRFs mutated oligonucleotide (lanes 4-6, -80m, -84m,-95/-94m; non-sp comp). Supershift analysis, 2µl of antibody against MyoD and Myf5 were incubated with reaction

mixture before adding labeled probe (lanes 2-3).

4. 讨论

有研究证明,NGAL在多种肿瘤组织,如直肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌和食管癌等中过表达[5,14]。而检测患者尿液中NGAL和MMP-9的复合物可能会成为诊断乳腺癌等肿瘤以及判断预后的而我们在以往研究中发现NGAL在食管癌组织中呈现过表达并且与食管一个新的标志物[5]。

癌的不良分化以及浸润转移有关[14]。在本文中,我们研究了肺癌细胞中NGAL基因的表达调控机制。通过对NGAL启动子区的缺失和突变分析,我们证明NGAL基因的-106~-79区间是其最小功能启动子区,并且MRFs家族结合位点是调控NGAL基础表达的关键元件。

MRFs家族是具有碱性螺旋-环-螺旋基序的核转录因子超家族成员之一。MRFs家族包括MyoD、Myogenin、MRF4和Myf5四个成员[15-18],均具有二聚化基序、DNA结合域和碱性螺旋-环-螺旋基序[19,20]。MRFs能够结合靶基因上的一致序列、E-box,激活靶基因的转录。有尽管这些转录报道称GCCTGTCA基序可能是MRFs转录因子的一个新型顺式作用元件[21,22]。

因子含有一致的基序结构,但是在肌肉的正常发育及正常形态的维持过程中,每一个因子又调控和激活各自特异的靶基因。MyoD和Myf5主要是在肌原细胞系中表达并在肌管形成早期诱导肌原细胞分化[23],而Myogenin 和MRF4则主要是在肌管形成晚期起作用[24]。这些研究表明,MRFs家族成员参与了肌原细胞分化,他们的联合作用可诱导前成肌细胞分化发育成肌纤维。在肿瘤方面,MRFs能够诱导人类横纹肌肉瘤细胞的分化而成为横纹肌肉瘤的标志物[25]。本研究中western blotting检测发现,在95D和A549细胞中,只有MyoD和Myf5的表达,而凝胶滞留及超凝胶滞留分析结果证明这两种肺癌细胞系中只有核因子MyoD能够与NGAL基因转录元件序列相结合。由此可见,MyoD是调控肺癌细胞NGAL基因基础转录活性的关键核转录因子。又鉴于NGAL基因在中性粒细胞和上皮细胞中的功能与细胞分化过程有关

[14,28]

。因此,我们认为MyoD在肺癌细胞中调控NGAL基因的转录也可能涉及到细胞分化。

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但是在NGAL基因转录调控上游,究竟是哪条细胞信号传导途径在发挥着作用,还需要进一步研究。

总之,在本研究中我们率先证明肺癌细胞中NGAL基因的最小功能启动子区位于-106~-79区间,并且鉴定出MyoD是调控NGAL基因基础表达的转录因子之一。这将十分有助于从分子水平上探明肿瘤中NGAL基因过表达的原因。

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[25] [26] [27] [28]

MyoD regulated the basal activity of NGAL gene in lung

carcinoma cells

Chang Jingxia1,2, Xu Liyan2, Yuan Huamin1,2, Du Zepeng3, Cai Weijia2, Li Enmin1

1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Shantou University,

Shantou, PRC (515041)

2 Department of Pathology, the Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province,

Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, PRC (515041)

3 Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, PRC (515063) Abstract

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a member of lipocalin family. It was found to be over-expressed in several tumor tissues. However, its regulation mechanism is still unclear. The aim of this study is to find the transcription regulation factors of NGAL promoter in lung carcinoma cells A549 and 95D. Hence, a series of the 1515-bp fragment of NGAL promoter region (-1431 to +84) deleted/mutated subfragments were constructed and their report gene activity was measured. By deletion and mutation analysis of NGAL promoter, the region from -106 to -79 was found to be the potential minimal core promoter, containing muscle regulatory factors (MRFs) binding sites. By employing electrophoretic mobility shift assay, supershift and western blotting analysis, it was demonstrated that the transcription factor MyoD was essential for NGAL basal transcription activity. Keywords: NGAL, transcription regulation factor, MyoD, minimal core promoter, lung carcinoma cells

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