一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类
1．犇犇阅读下面文章，然后从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出每个问题的最佳选项。
An international team of researchers from the University of Oxford have found that the way people use the Internet is closely tied to the seasonal movements in the natural world. Their online species searches follow the patterns of seasonal animal migrations (迁徙).
Migratory birds (候鸟) flood back to where they reproduce every spring. That migratory behavior is accompanied by some human behavior. \"In English-language Wikipedia (维基百科), the online searches for migratory species tend to increase in spring when those birds arrive in the United States,\" said the lead author John Mittermeier.
And not just birds. Mittermeier and his team surveyed nearly 2.5 billion Wikipedia search records, for 32,000 species, across 245 languages. They also saw variable search rates for insects, horsetails and flowering plants. Seasonal trends seemed to be widespread in Wikipedia behavior for many species of plants and animals.
This finding suggests new ways to monitor changes in the world's biological diversity. It also shows new ways to see how much people care about nature, and which species and areas might be the most effective targets for conservation.
Mittermeier is encouraged by the search results. He commented, \"I think there's a concern among conservationists (生态环境保护者) that people are losing touch with the natural world and that they're not interacting with native species anymore. And so in that sense, it was really exciting and quite unexpected for me to see people's Wikipedia interest closely related to changes in nature.\"
Richard Grenyer, Associate Professor from the University of Oxford, says search data is useful to conservation biologists, \"By using these big data approaches, we can direct our attention towards the difficult questions in modern conservation: which species and areas are changing, and where are the people who care the most and can do the most to help.\" （1）What have researchers found about species searches? A.They strengthen ties among people. B.They affect the animal movements. C.They differ in language backgrounds. D.They reflect animal migration seasons.
（2）What is the purpose of writing Paragraph 3? A.To summarize the research process. B.To further support the research findings. C.To show the variety of species searches. D.To present researchers' heavy work load.
（3）How does Mittermeier feel about the search results? A.Satisfied with Wikipedia's service. B.Worried about Wikipedia behavior.
C.Amazed at people's care about nature. D.Sad about people's not getting close to nature.
（4）Why does Richard think such search data is useful? A.It helps to aim at conservation targets. B.It increases interest in big data approaches. C.It keeps track of trends in biologists' work. D.It pushes people to solve difficult problems. 【答案】 （1）D （2）B （3）C （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，牛津大学的一个国际研究小组发现，人们使用互联网的方式与自然界的季节性运动密切相关。他们的在线物种搜索遵循季节性动物迁徙的模式。这一发现提出了监测世界生物多样性变化的新方法。它还展示了一种新的方式来了解人们有多关心自然，以及哪些物种和地区可能是最有效的保护目标。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Their online species searches follow the patterns of seasonal animal migrations (迁徙).”可知关于物种搜索，研究人员发现了他们遵循季节性动物迁徙的模式。故选D。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Seasonal trends seemed to be widespread in Wikipedia behavior for many species of plants and animals.”可知在维基百科上，许多动植物的行为似乎都有季节性趋势。即第三段的写作目的是为了进一步支持研究结果。故选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“it was really exciting and quite unexpected for me to see people's Wikipedia interest closely related to changes in nature”可知Mittermeier看到人们对维基百科的兴趣是与大自然的变化密切相关的，感到非常兴奋和意外。故选C。 （4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“By using these big data approaches, we can direct our attention towards the difficult questions in modern conservation: which species and areas are changing, and where are the people who care the most and can do the most to help.”可知Richard认为通过使用这些大数据方法，我们可以将我们的注意力转向现代保护中的难题:哪些物种和地区正在发生变化，哪些人最关心这些问题，哪些人能够提供最多的帮助。即他认为这些搜索数据可以有助于设定保护目标。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
2．犇犇阅读理解
News anchors(主播) must have been reluctant to read out the following news: Xin Xiaomeng began working as the world's first female artificial(人工的) intelligence news anchor at Xinhua News Agency on Sunday, three months after a male robot joined the profession.
Unlike previous news robots though, Xin does not read news like a cold machine; she reads it almost like a human being. The muscles on her face stretch and relax-and her reactions change-as she continues reading. That's why many news anchors were worried: Will AI replace us in the near future?
To find the answer, we have to analyse the technologies that support Xin at her job. Three key technologies are used to support Xin. First, samples of human voices are collected and synthesized (合成). This is followed by the collection and synthesis of human muscle movement samples. And third the voices and movements are married in a way that when the Al news anchor reads, the micro -electric motors behind her face move to make her expressions seem more human.
Yet we need a thorough knowledge of deep leaning technology to make a robot imitate a person's voice. The developer needs to collect tens of thousands of pieces of pronunciations, input them into the machine and match them with the text or the Al to lean and read. The process for imitating facial movements is similar. The developer has to analyse the movements of the 53 muscles in the human face, make a model set from the collected data for the AI news anchor to lean, and imitate the movements of facial muscles via programs
Both the technologies used to make Xin's performance impressive are mature. The real difficulty lies in the third -the technology to match the pronunciations with facial movements so that Xin expressions vary according to the content of the news report. In fact, Xins expressions don't always change according to the content. As a result, her expressions look anything but human. Actually. AI is still no match for human qualities.
（1）What does the underlined word \"reluctant \"in the first paragraph mean? A. Delighted. B. Unwilling. C. Confused. D. Optimistic. （2）What can we infer about previous news robots? A. They read news without expressions. B. They looked like a human being C. They could interview sports stars D. They could interact with audience.
（3）What do we know about the third technology? A. This technology is very perfect so far B. This technology is quite popular now C. This technology remains at the theoretical stage D. This technology is far from mature.
（4）From the last paragraph, we can draw a conclusion that____. A. human news anchors should learn from AT anchors to save their jobs B. Al anchors perform much better than human news anchors at present C. Al news anchors won't replace human news anchors in the near future D. Xin Xiaomeng s expressions vary so naturally that they are true to life
【答案】 （1）B （2）A （3）D （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，上周日，新华社新闻主播辛晓萌成为世界上第一位女性人工智能新闻主播，作者介绍了人工智能背后的技术，并指出在不久的将来，人工智能新闻主播不会取代人类新闻主播。
（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的\"Xin Xiaomeng began working as the world's first female artificial(人工的) intelligence news anchor at Xinhua News Agency on Sunday\"及第二段中的\"That's why many news anchors were worried: Will AI replace us in the near future?\"可知，担心将来自己的工作会被人工智能取代的新闻主播一定不愿意透露下面这个消息：上周日，新华社新闻主播辛晓萌成为世界上第一位女性人工智能新闻主播，由此可知画线词词义为\"不愿意的\"，故选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的\"Unlike previous news robots though, Xin does not read news like a cold machine; she reads it almost like a human being. The muscles on her face stretch and relax-and her reactions change-as she continues reading.\"可知，与以前的机器人主播不同的是，辛晓萌读起来不像一台冷冰冰的机器，就像是一个活生生的人，她读新闻的时候脸上的肌肉能够伸展和放松，面部反应也发生了变化，由此可知，以前的机器人主播读新闻时面无表情，故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"The real difficulty lies in the third -the technology to match the pronunciations with facial movements so that Xin expressions vary according to the content of the news report. In fact, Xins expressions don' t always change according to the content. As a result, her expressions look anything but human.\"可知，真正的难点在于第三技术，使辛晓萌的面部表情根据新闻报道的内容而变化，事实上，辛晓萌的表情不总是随着内容而变化，她的表情一点也不像人类，由此可知，第三技术还远远不够成熟，故选D。 （4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"Actually. AI is still no match for human qualities.\"可知，人工智能仍无法与人类素质相匹敌，由此可知，在不久的将来，人工智能新闻主播不会取代人类新闻主播，故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及词义猜测和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
3．犇犇阅读理解
Scientists have found what they believe are pieces of a meteor(流星)that fell to the earth last year. The objects were discovered off the coast of the United States in the Pacific Ocean. The crew of the Nautilus, a private research ship, recovered the rock particles(颗粒).The Nautilus is operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust. The group says its aim at present is to examine areas of the ocean that have never been explored before.
The search was launched after US government weather stations observed a large meteorite exploding some months ago. The explosion lit up the sky and sent the rock particles to the earth. The meteorite fall was the largest recorded over the United States in at least 20years. The team
includes scientists from NASA, the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary and the University of Washington. The scientists examined what they believe were two small meteorite fragments. Further testing is needed before they can confirm that the material came from the explosion. The Nautilus is equipped with two remotely operated vehicles(ROVs), called Hercules and Argus. These robotic submarines help researchers find and collect materials from the seafloor. The fact that the particles landed in the ocean, instead of on land, means larger pieces may have survived and can be studied. For this reason, scientists decided to launch the first intentional search for meteorites from the ocean. Until the latest research, scientists had only accidentally discovered a small number of meteorites from drilling operations.
The objects recovered from the bottom of the sea likely came from the recent explosion for two main reasons. First, meteorite particles are basically made of glassy materials that do not tend to last long in seawater. Secondly, they came from what looked like a small hole on the seafloor. Some evidence shows that they came from something that fell. （1）What is the current goal of the crew of the Ocean Exploration Trust? A. To recover the rock particles. B. To observe movements of the universe. C. To study unexplored places of the ocean. D. To examine creatures of the explored ocean. （2）What mainly caused the start of the search in the sea? A. A huge meteor shower. B. Business value of meteors. C. Plenty of natural resources. D. The brainstorm of researchers. （3）Why do the scientists prefer to search for meteors in the ocean? A. They can find meteors more easily. B. They may find bigger rock particles. C. They like to explore strange sea areas. D. They have better submarine equipment. （4）What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A. Offer clues for the search. B. Give reasons to support a guess. C. Stress the importance of the event. D. Describe the process of the search. 【答案】 （1）C （2）A （3）B （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，科学家们发现了他们认为是去年坠落地球的流星碎片。这些物体是在美国太平洋沿岸发现的。一场巨大的流星雨导致了在海中搜索的开始。科学家更喜欢在海洋中寻找流星是因为他们可能会发现更大的岩石颗粒。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The group says its aim at present is to examine areas of the ocean that have never been explored before.”可知，the Ocean Exploration Trust的船员目前的目标是研究海洋中未被探索的地方。故选C。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“Scientists have found what they believe are pieces of a meteor(流星)that fell to the earth last year.”可知，一场巨大的流星雨导致了在海中搜索的开始。故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“The fact that the particles landed in the ocean, instead of on land, means larger pieces may have survived and can be studied.”可知，科学家更喜欢在
海洋中寻找流星是因为他们可能会发现更大的岩石颗粒。故选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“The objects recovered from the bottom of the sea likely came from the recent explosion for two main reasons.”可知，作者在最后一段是想给出支持猜测的理由。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．犇犇Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
Escaping predators (食肉动物), digestion and other animal activities—including those of humans—require oxygen. But that essential ingredient is no longer so easy for marine life to obtain, several new studies reveal.
In the past decade ocean oxygen levels have taken a dive—an alarming trend that is linked to climate change, says Andreas Oschlies, an oceanographer at the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research in Germany, whose team tracks ocean oxygen levels worldwide. \"We were surprised by the intensity of the changes we saw, how rapidly oxygen is going down in the ocean and how large the effects on marine ecosystems are,\" he says. It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.
A warming ocean loses oxygen for two reasons: First, the warmer a liquid becomes, the less gas it can hold. That is why carbonated drinks go flat faster when left in the sun. Second, as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.
Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. Climate change already poses serious problems for marine life, such as ocean acidification, but deoxygenation is the most pressing issue facing sea animals today, Oschlies says. After all, he says, \"they all have to breathe.\"
Aside from food web problems, animals face various other physiological challenges as their bodies adjust to lower oxygen levels. Chinese shrimp (虾) move their tails less vigorously to preserve energy in lower oxygen environments. Some creatures, such as jellyfishes, are more tolerant of low oxygen than others are. But all animals will feel the impact of deoxygenation because they all have evolved their oxygen capacity for a reason, says Oschlies. \"Any drop in oxygen is going to damage survivability and performance,\" he says.
（1）According to the first two paragraphs, what worries scientists the most? A. The worsening deoxygenation in the warming ocean. B. The survival of predators and various marine animals.
C. The alarmingly changeable oxygen levels in the ocean. D. The lack of attention to the warming of tropical oceans.
（2）Which of the following is a reason for the oxygen loss in the ocean? A. Polar ice melting consumes much oxygen in the ocean. B. Global warming reduces the amount of oxygen in the air. C. The surface polar ice water prevents oxygen going down. D. Salty water holds less gas in the increasingly warmer ocean. （3）What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Ocean deoxygenation changes some animals' natural territories. B. Ocean acidification is more serious a problem than deoxygenation. C. Not all ocean animals are bothered by the decreasing oxygen levels. D. Some animals reduce their movements in order to absorb more oxygen. （4）Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. The Oxygen Levels of Marine Life B. Ocean Warming Affects Food Web C. The Survivability of Ocean Animals D. The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）A （4）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势。同时介绍了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的\"It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical (热带的) regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.\"可知，对于科学家来说，变暖的海洋正在失去氧气并不奇怪，但这种下降的规模需要紧急关注。一些最近的研究表明，在过去的50年里，一些热带地区的氧气含量下降了惊人的40%。其他地区的降幅较小，全球平均降幅为2%。所以根据前两段，科学家最担心的是变暖的海洋中日益恶化的脱氧现象。故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的\" as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.\"可知，当极地海冰融化时，它会在更冷、更咸的海水上形成一层水。这个过程会形成一种冰盖，它可以防止水流将地表水混合到海洋更深的深度。因为所有的氧气都进入了表面，所以较少的与海洋水的混合意味着更深的海洋含氧量更少。所以表面的极地冰水阻止氧气下沉是海洋缺氧的原因之一。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的\"Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to
new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. \"可知，然而，Oschlies和他所在领域的其他人发现，无论大小，海洋动物对氧气的微小变化都有反应，它们在较高的含氧区寻求庇护，或是调整行为。这些调整可能使动物暴露在新的掠食者面前，或迫使它们进入食物匮乏的地区。所以海洋中氧含量减少迫使动物离开自己的栖息地，去氧气含量较高的地区寻求庇护。故判断出海洋脱氧改变了一些动物的自然领地。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，短文说明了海洋氧含量下降是一个与气候变化有关的令人担忧的趋势，海洋氧含量下降的原因以及对海洋生物的影响和对其生存的威胁。所以短文主要是围绕着海洋氧含量下降而展开的。故短文的最佳标题为\"海洋快喘不过气来了\"符合题意。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
5．阅读理解
Experts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of heart disease and stroke. So doctors urge us to eat healthy foods, get exercise, stop smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But there is something else you can do. And it is free and easy. Smile!
Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart. \"When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more positive.\" He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and its sometimes harmful effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support his opinion.
When you feel stressed or under pressure, your body releases many natural hormones (荷尔蒙) including adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone. It increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you. They are part of what we call our fight-or-flight response. However, when we are stressed for a long period, these stress hormones are ever-present in our bodies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead to health problems.
Researchers say the connection between stress and heart disease is still unclear. However, they claim that when people are stressed for long periods of time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead to health problems.
Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to smile 20 times an hour. To some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might even feel foolish ... smiling for seemingly no reason. But a smile does not involve drugs. It is not invasive like a surgical operation. It is free and it has no bad side effects.
\"Once people smile, they are relaxing. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels in the blood. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health.\"
And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health. （1）Which of the following agrees with Dr. Chockalingam's opinion? A.Smile has the same effects as laughter. B.Smile can be used to take the place of medicine. C.Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle to health. D.Smile can make our body produce beneficial chemicals.
（2）What can we know about the mentioned stress hormones? A.They can lower our blood pressure. B.They will surely lead to heart diseases. C.They can benefit us when we are in danger. D.They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.
（3）Why does Dr. Chockalingam think smiling is helpful to our health? A.It can make us relax. B.It increases sugar levels. C.It has little bad side effects. D.It can happen for no reason.
（4）What can be the best title for the text? A.A Thorough Analysis of the Causes of Heart Diseases B.One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your Heart C.One Thing That Is Closely Connected with Stress Hormones
D.The Clear Connection Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases 【答案】 （1）D （2）C （3）A （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议多保持微笑，他认为微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。同时说明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人们感到压力时的身体反应等情况。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemicals that are released are more positive.”当我们微笑时，大脑的线路会发生变化。释放出的化学物质更积极。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑能使我们的身体产生有益的化学物质。故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you.”如果你真的有危险，这些荷尔蒙会帮助你。可知，当我们处于危险中时，压力荷尔蒙可以帮助我们。故选C。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health. And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health.”如果我们微笑，我们就打破了压力和健康之间的联系。而且它可能会为每个人的心脏健康提供一点额外的保护。可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑可以使我们放松，从而有利于我们的健康。故选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart.”哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议他的病人保持微笑。他说，微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。以及结合文章内容主要介绍了微笑能够让我们放松进而有利于我们的健康，所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
6．阅读理解
Darrell Blatchley, a marine biologist and environmentalist based in the Philippine city of Davao, received a call from the Philippines, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (渔业与水产资源局) early Friday morning reporting a death of a young whale.
When the necropsy (尸检) was performed, Blatchley told NPR, he was not prepared for the amount of plastic they found in the whale's stomach. \"It was full of plastic nothing but nonstop plastic.\" he said \"It was filled to the point that its stomach was as hard as a baseball.\" That means that this animal has been suffering not for days or weeks but for months or even a year or more,\" Blatchley added.
Blatchley is the founder and owner of the D'Bone Collector Museum, a natural history museum in Davao. In the coming days, the museum will display all the items found in the whale's system. Blatchley and his team work with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and other organizations to assist in rescue and recovery of marine animals.
\"Within the last 10 years, we have recovered 61 whales and dolphins just within the Davao Gulf,\" he said. \"Of them, 57 have died due to man whether they took plastic or fishing nets or other waste, or gotten caught in pollution — and four were pregnant.\"
Blatchley said he hoped that the latest incident would launch the issue of plastic pollution in the Philippines and across the globe. \"If we keep going this way, it will be more uncommon to see an animal die of natural causes than it is to see an animal die of plastic,\" he said. （1）What can he inferred from the second paragraph? A. The whale was starved to death. B. Blatchley was shocked at what he found. C. The dead whale must have swallowed a baseball. D. Blatchley didn't make preparations for the necropsy.
（2）What will be shown in the D'Bone Collector Museum?
A. Waste collected from the ocean. B. The whole system of the whale. C. Things found in the whale's body. D. Many different tools of whaling. （3）What does Blatchley think of plastic pollution in the Philippines?
A. Uncommon. B. Worrying. C. Inspiring. D. Mild. （4）What is the best title for the text?
A. A Whale Found Dead of Plastic B. Stand Up for Protecting Whales C. Plastic Threatening Our Existence D. Natural Death or Merciless Murder 【答案】 （1）B
（2）C （3）B （4）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，一只鲸鱼因吞食大量的塑料而死亡，这引发了人们对海洋塑料污染的担忧。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“he was not prepared for the amount of plastic they found in the whale's stomach”可知，布拉奇利在鲸鱼的胃里发现了大量的塑料，他对此毫无准备，这是他意想不到的，由此可知，布拉奇利对他的发现感到震惊，故选B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“In the coming days, the museum will display all the items found in the whale's system.”可知，在鲸鱼体内发现的东西将在这座自然博物馆中展出，故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“If we keep going this way, it will be more uncommon to see an animal die of natural causes than it is to see an animal die of plastic,”可知，布拉奇利说如果我们继续这样下去，动物因吃塑料死亡的情况比自然死亡更为常见，由此可知，他对菲律宾的塑料污染很担忧，故选B。
（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了一只鲸鱼因吞食大量的塑料而死亡，这引发了人们对塑料污染的担忧，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
7．阅读理解
E-Sports, short for electronic sports, is one of the growing industries in the world, with prizes totaling around $25 million up for grabs in some tournaments. E-Sports are professional multiplayer video game competitions. Any video game with a strong competitive element is considered e-Sports. The competition models itself after traditional professional sports in several ways: it uses corresponding tournament formats, involves player contracts, and is governed by regulations. The athletes who compete in e-Sports competitions are gamers．
The history of e-Sports dates back to 1972 when some Stanford University students competed in the Intergalactic Space War Olympics for the opportunity to win a one-year subscription to the Rolling Stone Magazine. E-Sports pretty much continued on the rather quiet path until the 80s when competitions like the Space Invaders Championship shot them to the spotlight. 2002 marked the beginning of a new era for the sport and laid the foundation for what e-Sports would become thanks to the release of the Xbox live, which brought online play to consoles. Halo Ⅱ became the first game to be shown on national television for Major League Gaming in 2004, paving the way for e-Sports to become a global phenomenon.
Today, e-Sports are growing at a rapid pace thanks to advance in technology and the arrival of streaming services like Twitch which have exposed video game competitions to a new audience due to their extensive reach.
To understand how much impact Twitch has made, data from gaming analyst group Newzoo
show that e-Sports global audience increased 43 percent from 204 million to 292 million between 2014 and 2016. Interestingly, this coincides (一致) with Amazon's acquisition of Twitch in 2014 and its effort to make the competition a spectator sport. （1）What do we know about e-Sports?
A. They are strongly competitive. B. They spread worldwide overnight. C. They totally differ from traditional ones. D. The athletes in the sports are programmers. （2）What is the main idea of Paragraph 2?
A. The origin of e-Sports. B. The variety of e-Sports. C. The advantages of e-Sports. D. The development of e-Sports. （3）How does the author feel about e-Sport's future?
A. Doubtful. B. Uncertain. C. Hopeful. D. Worried. （4）What is the purpose of quoting data in the last paragraph? A. To introduce Newzoo. B. To conduct a research.
C. To show the influence of Twitch. D. To arouse the audience's interest. 【答案】 （1）A （2）D （3）C （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了什么是电子竞技以及它的发展。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的\"E-Sports are professional multiplayer video game competitions. Any video game with a strong competitive element is considered e-Sports.\"可知,电子竞技是一种专业的多人视频游戏竞赛,任何具有强烈竞争元素的电子游戏都被认为是电子竞技,也就是说电子竞技具有很强的竞争性,故选A。
（2）考查段落大意。根据第二段中的\"The history of e-Sports dates back to 1972\pretty much continued on the rather quiet path until the 80s\new era for the sport\"及\"Halo Ⅱ became the first game to be shown on national television for Major League Gaming in 2004, paving the way for e-Sports to become a global phenomenon.\"等细节可知,本段以时间为顺序介绍了电子竞技的发展,故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段可知，如今,由于技术的进步和像Twitch这样的流媒体服务的到来,电子竞技正在快速发展,由于Twitch的覆盖面广,它已经将电子游戏竞赛展示给了新的观众,特别是\"growing at a rapid pace\"表明了作者对电子竞技的未来充满希望,故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的\"To understand how much impact Twitch has made, data from gaming analyst group Newzoo show that e-Sports global audience increased 43 percent from 204 million to 292 million between 2014 and 2016.\"可知,为了了解Twitch产生了多大的影响,游戏分析机构Newzoo的数据显示,从2014年到2016年,全球电子竞技的观众数量增长了43%,从2.04亿增加到2.92亿,由此可知最后一段引用的数据就是为了表明Twitch产生的影响,故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推
理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
8．阅读理解
Like many other people who speak more than one language, I often have the sense that I'm a slightly different person in each of my languages-more confident in English, more relaxed in French, more emotional in Czech. Is it possible that, along with these differences, my moral compass (指南针) also points in somewhat different directions depending on the language I'm using at the time?
Psychologists who study moral judgments have become very interested in this question. The findings of several recent studies suggest that when people are faced with moral dilemmas (困境), they do indeed respond differently when considering them in a foreign language than when using their native tongue.
In a 2014 paper led by Albert Costa volunteers were presented with a moral dilemma known as the \"trolley problem\": imagine that a runaway trolley is moving quickly toward a group of five people standing on the tracks, unable to move. You are next to a switch that can move the trolley to a different set of tracks, therefore sparing the five people, but resulting in the death of one who is standing on the side tracks. Do you pull the switch?
Most people agree that they would. But what if the only way to stop the trolley is by pushing a large stranger off a footbridge into its path? People tend to be very hesitant to say they would do this, even though in both situations, one person is sacrificed to save five. But Costa and his colleagues found that presenting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the footbridge, from fewer than 20% of respondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.
Why does it matter whether we judge morality in our native language or a foreign one? According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing ways of thinking-one of these, a quick, natural \"feeling,\" and the other, careful deliberation about the greatest good for the greatest number. When we use a foreign language, we unconsciously sink into the more careful way simply because the effort of operating in our non-native language signals our cognitive (认知的) system to prepare for difficult activity.
An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are filled with greater emotions than are those learned in more academic settings. As a result, moral judgments made in a foreign language are less filled with the emotional reactions that surface when we use a language learned in childhood.
There's strong evidence that memory connects a language with the experiences and interactions through which that language was learned. For example, people who are bilingual (双语的) are more likely to recall an experience if reminded in the language in which that event occurred. Our childhood languages, learned in the middle of passionate emotion, become filled with deep feeling. By comparison, languages acquired late in life, especially if they are learned through limited interactions in the classroom or dully delivered over computer screens and headphones, enter our minds lacking the emotionality that is present for their native speakers.
（1）What does \"this question\" in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. What contributes to one's language improvements? B. Is it necessary to learn more than one foreign language? C. Does the language one uses influence one's moral judgments? D. How do people deal with moral dilemmas in a foreign language?
（2）When the \"trolley problem\" was presented in a foreign language, volunteers were more likely to .
A. care less about the five people B. pull the switch to the side tracks C. remain hesitant about what to do D. sacrifice the stranger on the footbridge （3）The underlined word in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to .
A. consideration B. guidance C. selection D. arrangement （4）What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A.Bilingual people are less emotional than others. B.Native language learning involves greater emotions. C.Childhood memories limit foreign language learning. D.Academic settings promote foreign language learning. 【答案】 （1）C （2）D （3）A （4）B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明我呢，最近的一些研究的结果表明，当人们面对道德困境时，他们用外语思考和用母语思考时的反应确实不同。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The findings of several recent studies suggest that when people are faced with moral dilemmas (困境), they do indeed respond differently when considering them in a foreign language than when using their native tongue.”可知，最近的一些研究的结果表明，当人们面对道德困境时，他们用外语思考的反应和他们的母语思考的反应确实是不同的。所以此问题指的是一个人使用的语言会影响他的道德判断吗？故选C。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“But Costa and his colleagues found that presenting the dilemma in a language that volunteers had learned as a foreign tongue dramatically increased their stated willingness to push the sacrificial person off the footbridge, from fewer than 20% of respondents working in their native language to about 50% of those using the foreign one.”可知，志愿者们用已经学会的外语来表达这种两难境地时，极大地增加了他们将牺牲者推下人行桥的意愿。分别与D选择项中的sacrifice和 footbridge分别对应。故选D。
（3）考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的“According to one explanation, such judgments involve two separate and competing ways of thinkingone of these, a quick, natural ’feeling‘,\"这样的判断涉及两种独立的、相互竞争的思维方式-一种是快速、自然的\"感觉\"，所以猜测出，另外一种是对大多数人最大利益的深思熟虑。故选A。
（4）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的”An alternative explanation is that differences arise between native and foreign tongues because our childhood languages are filled with greater emotions than are those learned in more academic settings.“ 母语和外语之间的差异是因为我
们的童年语言比在学术环境中学习的语言更充满感情，和最后一段中的”By comparison, languages acquired late in life, especially if they are learned through limited interactions in the classroom or dully delivered over computer screens and headphones, enter our minds lacking the emotionality that is present for their native speakers. “后天习得的语言，缺乏母语者所具有的情感。所以说，母语学习包含更多的情感。故选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和词义猜测两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
9．阅读短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals. Europe's biggest online takeaway food company Just Eat has partnered with Starship Technologies to deliver food with robots on the streets of London later this month. \"Nobody has ever done deliveries with land-based robots,\" said Allan Martinson, the chief operating officer of Starship. The robot courier can travel up to 4 miles per hour for about 10 miles. It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate (确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier. \"Put the code in, the robot opens up, and there's your food,\" said David Buttress, chief manager of Just Eat.
The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs £ 1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the £3 to £6 it costs for a human courier. To date 30 robots have driven nearly 5,000 miles without getting into an accident or finding themselves picked on by passers-by. They have driven in more than 40 cities around the world, including London and Tallinn, Estonia.
An initial worry was how the public would react to robots. But Martinson said the public has been calm when passing the delivery machine on the streets. \"The most surprising reaction has been the lack of reaction,\" said Martinson.
Another significant fear was that people would disrupt (扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents. To prevent this, the robot is fitted with nine cameras, two way audio, and movement sensors that send a warning if it is lifted off the ground. And it opens only with a passcode provided to the customer via a notification. \"It's much easier to shoplift than it is to steal a robot,\" said Martinson.
（1）Which of the following can replace the underlined word \"courier\" in Paragraph 2? A. deliverer B. collector C. provider D. guide （2）According to the text, the Starship robot ________. A. opens up upon hearing the code B. travels 10 miles per hour at most C. finds its way by means of GPS and cameras D. sends a message to the customer upon arrival
（3）The test of Starship robots shows that ________. A. they are easy to operate
B. the robot delivery is appreciated in big cities C. the robot delivery is cheaper than human delivery D. they can travel for 10 hours continuously
（4）Which of the following is one of the worries about Starship robots? A. Safety of the robot delivery. B. Accuracy of the robot delivery C. Peoples indifference to the robots. D. People's concern about public traffic.
（5）Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Great Improvement of Just Eat B. Global Trend of Food Companies C. New Robots to Move on the road
D. Delivery Robots to Replace Takeaway Drivers 【答案】 （1）A （2）C （3）C （4）A （5）D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了伦敦一家食品速递公司宣布未来会使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，目前该公司在几个城市都测试了陆地快递机器人送餐服务。未来送货机器人可能会取代人类送快递。
（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”可知，一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。所以这个词是“投递”的意思，故选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“It uses a GPS signal and nine cameras to navigate(确定方向). Instead of a person arriving at their door, customers could find themselves receiving a notification(通知) on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code to unlock the automated courier.”可知，Starship机器人依靠全球定位系统和照相机找到路。故选C。 （3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The robot, which has so far been tested in Greenwich, Milton Keynes and Glastonbury, costs ￡1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the ￡3 to ￡6 it costs for a human courier.”可知，机器人送餐要比人送餐更便宜。故选C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“Another significant fear was that people would disrupt(扰乱) the robots, or try to steal them and their contents.”另一重大担忧就是担心人们干扰机器人，或是想把机器人及其所运物品偷走，可以推断出，担忧机器人运送的安全问题。故选A。
（5）考查主旨大意。纵观全文，特别是第一段中的“Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major food delivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals.”一家食品速递公司宣布计划使用自动驾驶机器人送餐，你下周六晚上点的外卖，说不定就由机器人送达。可知，D项Delivery Robots to
Replace Takeaway Drivers作为标题最合适。选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
10．阅读下列短文，从所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出最佳选项。
Supermarket shoppers who buy lots of foods on \"two for one\" deals are far more likely to be obese (肥胖的), a major study suggests.
Cancer Research UK found that those with highest consumption of discounted foods were at 50 percent greater risk of obesity, compared with those with low take-up of such deals.
The study of more than 16,000 households found almost one in three food and drink items in UK supermarket baskets were bought on promotion. And the discounts were far more likely to be applied to unhealthy foods, with almost half of all chocolate, crisps, popcorn, and savoury snacks bought on promotion.
Shoppers whose baskets contained between 40 and 80 percent of goods on special offer were 54 percent more likely to be obese than those with a maximum 20 percent of foods on such deals. Those with highest take-up of the deals bought 30 percent less fruit, and nearly 25 percent fewer vegetables than those shunning the deals.
The study follows a government consultation on proposals to ban \"buy one, get one free\" deals on unhealthy foods and supermarket \"guilt lanes\" as part of its childhood obesity strategy. One in five children are overweight or obese when they start primary school, rising to around one in three when they leave.
Research has found that obesity increases the risk of 13 different types of cancer including bowel and breast disease.
Alison Cox, director of cancer prevention at Cancer Research UK, said: \"The government's proposed 9 p. m. ban on junk food ads is a step forward in fighting childhood obesity. Now we want to see restrictions on price promotions for unhealthy food and drink items, as well as those strategically placed at checkouts. This will help families to make healthier choices.
\"There isn't one magic fix for the problem, but getting rid of these encouragements to buy unhealthy food is key to changing it.\"
（1）Who are far more likely to be obese? A. Those who buy food and drink items in UK supermarkets.
B. People who prefer \"buy one, get one free\" deals on unhealthy foods. C. Shoppers whose baskets contained a maximum 20 percent of discounted foods. D. Households with low take-up of chocolate, crisps, popcorn, and savoury snacks. （2）What does the underlined word \"shunning\" in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Closing B. Accepting C. Avoiding D. Negotiating （3）To fight childhood obesity, the government has ________. A. suggested a ban on unhealthy food ads at a specific period of the day B. restricted price promotions for unhealthy food and drink items C. officially prevented junk food from sale after 9 p. m.
D. helped families to make healthier choices （4）What might be a solution to the problem? A. Changing people's attitudes towards healthy diet. B. Finding out the reason why people like junk food. C. Removing what makes people buy unhealthy food. D. Teaching consumers the right way of picking food. 【答案】 （1）B （2）C （3）A （4）C
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，文中介绍了一项研究的结果。研究表明在超市购买“买一赠一”促销食品的顾客更有可能肥胖。因为这些促销的食品大部分都是不健康食品。研究还表明肥胖与多种癌症有关。故在这篇文章中作者建议禁止超市的这种促销活动。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Supermarket shoppers who buy lots of foods on ‘two for one’ deals are far more likely to be obese(肥胖的)”可知超市购买“买一赠一”促销食品的顾客更有可能肥胖。故选B。
（2）考查词义猜测。本段主要是在喜欢购买促销食品的人比不买促销食品的人之间做了一下比较。根据第四段中的“Those with highest take-up of the deals bought 30 percent less fruit, and nearly 25 percent fewer vegetables than those shunning the deals.”可知那些最喜欢购买促销食品的人比不买促销食品的人买的水果要少30%，蔬菜少几乎25%。由此可知shunning意为“避免，避开”。故选C。
（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“The government's proposed 9 p. m. ban on junk food ads is a step forward in fighting childhood obesity.”据可知作为为与小孩肥胖现象作斗争的一个措施，政府已经建议晚上九点禁止播放垃圾食品广告。故选A。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“There isn't one magic fix for the problem, but getting rid of these encouragements to buy unhealthy food is key to changing it.”可知作者认为与小孩肥胖现象作斗争就应该摆脱这种非健康食品的促销活动。由此可知取消这种诱使人们购买不健康食品的活动是一个解决办法。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容