For questions 1-7, mark
Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Types of Climate
Climate is the combination of temperature, moisture, wind, and sunshine at a place over a period of many years.
Weather is made up of atmospheric conditions during a few hours or days. The weather may be rainy on a certain day. Butthat place may usually have a warm, dry, sunny climate. We learn about the climate of a place by studying its temperature,moisture, wind, and sunshine from season to season and year to year.
Temperature and the amount of rainfall are the two most important elements of climate. Others are humidity (airmoisture), cloudiness, fog, sunshine, wind, storms, and air pressure.
There are many different types of climate on earth. Climates of the world can be classified according to their latitudesand the plants that grow there. Different kinds of plants need different amounts of heat and moisture for growth. Thevegetation of a region tells us about temperature and rainfall conditions over a long period of time. Tropical Climates
Tropical climates are found in regions between 35N and 35S latitude. In the tropical rain forest (nearest the equator)conditions are warm and rainy all year long, and there is a thick cover of trees. Places farther north and south of the equatorhave a tropical wet-and-dry climate. There the forests are not so dense, and many trees lose their leaves in the dry season.Along 23.5N and 23.5S latitude there are vast regions of tropical desert climate, where very little vegetation can grow. Subtropical Climates
Subtropical climates are usually found between 30 and 40 North and South latitudes. The subtropical western coasts ofthe continents have a Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry; winters are mild and wet. On the subtropical easterncoasts of continents the climate is humid subtropical. Summers are hot, and winters are mild. There is enough rainfall in allseasons for forests.
Mid-latitude Climate
Mid-latitude climates occur between 40 and 60 NS latitudes. Strong westerly winds blow in the mid-latitudes. The
climate of the west coast of North America is mild and rainy most of the year. It helps the growth of fine timber forests. Someplaces in the mid-latitudes do not receive moisture because of mountain barriers or their great distances from the oceans.Humid continental climates cover large mid-latitude area in eastern parts of the continents. They are forest climates with coldwinters and warm summers. Most of the rainfall comes in the summer. High-latitude Climates
High-latitude climates occur from 60 to the poles, North and South. In the high latitudes it is very cold in winter and coolin summer. The short summers are warm enough for forests of evergreen trees. Greenland and Antarctica have a polarclimate, where great ice caps exist because of year-round freezing. High-altitude Climates
Highland climates are cooler than the surrounding lowlands because of the effects of altitude. Highland climates arefound on the high mountains of the world, even on the equator. In the tropics and mid-latitudes different kinds of vegetationgrow in zones up the slopes of mountains to the permanent snowfields. The Causes of Different Climates
The differences in the climate from place to place are caused by climate controls. The major climate controls arelatitude, altitude, land and water bodies, ocean currents, and storm centers.
Latitudes make climates colder toward the north and south poles (high latitudes) than at the tropics near the equator(low altitudes). Low-latitude regions remain warm throughout the year. At higher latitudes there are greater differencesbetween winter and summer temperatures.
Altitude affects climate by lowering temperatures as the height above sea level increases. At high altitudes the air isless dense and does not absorb and hold as much heat. On the average, the temperature drops about 2 degrees Celsius foreach 300 meters of altitude (about 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit for each 1,000 feet). Thus snow can remain on mountainlikeFujiyama when nearby lowlands are warm.
Land and water bodies influence climate. Land warms up rapidly in summer and cools off rapidly in winter. But largebodies of water change temperature slowly, with the seasons. Mid-continental places in middle and high latitudes have acontinental climate. Summers are warm and winter cold. Island and seacoasts usually have milder winters and coolersummers because of the water surfaces nearby.
Ocean currents affect climate in many parts of the world. Some currents carry warm water to cool regions; others carrycool water to warm regions. The Labrador Current is cold. The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current. It carries warm waterfrom the tropical Atlantic toward the coasts of northwestern Europe. As a result, winters in the British Isles and in Westam
Europe are warmer than other regions in the same latitudes.
Winds carry heat and moisture and therefore affect climate. Winds that come from lands in high latitudes are cold anddry. Some winds change direction with the seasons. In southern Asia winds called monsoons are dry and cool in the winter,when they blow from the land. In the summer they blow from the ocean and produce heavy rainfall. Climate and the Water Cycle
Water enters the atmosphere by evaporation from land and water surfaces. Winds carry water vapor and clouds to otherareas. There the moisture is returned to the earth in the form of rain or snow. Much of the water falls on land and runs off tothe sea in rivers. But some moisture enters soil. It helps growing plants or builds up the groundwater supply. The constantmovement of water from land to sea to air and back again is called the water cycle. The amount of water available for
farming, industry, and many other uses differs from one climate to another. People try to overcome these differences by usingwater resources wisely. The water cycle can be controlled in part for a short time by storing water in reservoirs, irrigating land,draining wetlands, or pumping water from wells. Climate and People
Climate influences people's comfort, well-being, and activities in many ways. Most people do not work as well in a hot,moist climate as in a cooler, drier climate. Extremely high or low temperatures are uncomfortable. Certain diseases are morecommon in some climates than in others. It is difficult to determine what is the best or ideal climate for human beings. Peoplediffer in their reactions to climate because of their individual characteristics and attitudes.
The amount and kind of clothing people wear is determined partly by climate. Clothing for cold climates gives protectionagainst wind and cold. Less clothing is needed in warm climates. There are many types of special clothing for wind, cold,sun, rain, and snow.
People build houses mainly for shelter from the climatic elements. Carefully planned houses take advantage of sunlight,wind direction, and other factors to obtain a maximum of comfort as well as protection. The amount of heating or air-conditioning needed in a building depends upon the construction of the building as well as the outside climate. Many modeminventions have made it possible for people to live comfortably in any kind of climate.
Climate affects the food supply by setting limits for profitable production of crops and animals. Climate influences cattleraising and forestry because it determines where grasslands and forests will grow. Winds, clouds, and storms have to beconsidered in travel by land, sea, or air and even in the launching of satellite. Most industries take special attention to protecttheir products against weather and climate during manufacture, storage, and shipment.
1. Climate is the combination of temperature, moisture, wind and sunshine at a place over a certain period of a year. 2. Weather refers to atmospheric conditions during a few hours or days. 3. There are dense forests all over the tropical regions.
4. Mediterranean climate is characterized by its hot summers and mild winters. 5. Highland climates could be found all over the world except on the equator.
6. Nowadays people are working on designs of new buildings that are climate- friendly.
7. The water cycle refers to the constant movement of water from land to sea to air and back again.
8. Besides temperature and the amount of rainfall, elements such as and air pressure are also very important in themaking of climate.
9. Greenland and Antarctica have a polar climate, where exist because of year-round freezing.
10. Through ___________ for profitable production of crops and animals, climate can also affect the food supply.试题详解
1.N 由题⼲中的关键词climate定位到⽂章⾸段⾸句：Climate is the combination of temperature，moisture，wind，andsunshine at a place over a period of many years.题⽬中的a year与原⽂的many years不符，由此得出题⽬说法错误。 2.Y 由题于中的关键词weather定位到⽂章⾸段第⼆句：Weather is made up of atmospheric conditions during a fewhours or days，题⽬⽤refer to同义替换了原⽂中的is made up of，由此得出题⽬说法正确。
3.N 由题⼲中的关键词tropical定位到⼩标题Tropical Climates下⾯第四句：There the forests are not so dense，andmany trees lose their leaves in the dry season，题⽬与此相反，由此得出题⽬说法错误。
4.Y 由题⼲中的关键词Mediterranean定位到⼩标题Subtropical Climates下⾯第⼆、三句：The subtropical western
coasts of the continents have a Mediterranean climate，Summers are hot and dry;winters are mild and wet，题⽬是原⽂的同义替换，由此得出题⽬说法正确。
5.N 由题⼲中的关键词highland climates定位到⼩标题High-altitude Climates下⾯第⼆句：Highland climates are foundon the high mountains of the world， even on the equator，题⽬认为⾚道上没有⾼原⽓候，与原⽂相反，由此得出题⽬说法错误。
6.NG 题⼲中的关键词new buildings，climate-friendly在⽂章中⽆法定位，题⽬说法在原⽂中未提及。
7.Y 由题⼲中的关键词water cycle定位到⼩标题Climate and the Water Cycle下⾯的第七句：The constant movement ofwater from land to sea to air and back again is called the water cycle，题⽬是原⽂的同义替换，由此得出题⽬说法正确。 8.humidity, cloudiness，fog，sunshine，wind，storms
由题⼲中的关键词temperature，rainfall，making of climate定位到⽂章第⼆段： Temperature and the amount of rainfallare the two most important elements of climate.Others are humidity (air moisture)，cloudiness，fog，sunshine，wind，storms，and air pressure，由此得出答案。 9.great ice caps
由题⼲中的关键词Greenland and Antarctica定位到⼩标题High-latitude Climates下⾯的末句：Greenland and Antarcticahave a polar climate，where great ice caps exist because of year-round freezing，由此得出答案。
10.setting limits
由题⼲中的关键词food supply定位到⽂章末段⾸句：Climate affects the food supply by setting limits for profitableproduction of crops and animals，由此得出答案。
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