Grammar_3_动词

我们在这里将详细讲述动词、动词时态、助动词和情态动词的用法。

1.1 动词

1.1.1 动词概述

表示状态（如love,seem)或动作（如go,fetch)的一个词（如cry)或一组词（如run out of)叫做动词。其要点有：

1.动词用时态表示不同的时间（过去、现在、将来）。 2.助动词与动词连用，表示动作或状态的其它情况。例如， I was running. I have finished.

1.1.2 动态动词与静态动词

英语动词按词汇意义可分为动态动词(DYNAMIC VERB)和静态动词(STATIVE VERB)，绝大多数动词属于动态动词，既可用于进行时，也可用于非进行时。例如，

 

She is working as a secretary./She works as a secretary. My son was knocking at the table./My son knocked at the table.

静态动词是表示静止状态的词，例如，be,have,belong to；cost,matter,own；feel,hear,see,smell, taste ；believe， consider， expect,find,forget，hate,hope,imagine, know, like， love， mind, remember,suppose， think, understand, want, wish ,ect. 这类动词通常用于非进行时态.例如，

             

He is a teacher.

The house have two kitchen. We belong to each other. The shirt costs twenty dollars. It does not matter.

She owns a car but rarely drives it. Can you feel the tension in this room? We'd better hear what they have to say.

He looked for her but could not see her in the crowd. What does the perfume smell like?

He tasted the soup to see if he had put enough salt in it. I believe what he says. Don't forget to feed the cat.

She wished she had stayed at home.

但是，动态动词和静态动词的划分并不是绝对的，例如，

 

He is being ridiculous. We're having a lot of trouble.

    

How are you feeling today?

I'm hoping you'll look after the kids for us. I was just thinking what a long way it is. Imagining that you are in London.

It's no use wishing for things you can't have.

1.1.3 规则动词和不规则动词

大多数动词的过去时和过去分词都是在原形(BASE FORM)后加-ed构成，如 want/wanted/wanted;love/loved/loved，这类动词叫做规则动词(REGULAR VERB)，有一些动词不以在词尾加-ed的形式构成过去时和过去分词 ，这类动词叫做不规则动词 (IRREGULAR VERB)。

原形 （Infinitive） Participle）

                       

过去时（ Past Tense） 过去分词（ Past

beat bite blow choose deal dig eat fall feel fly freeze hang hide hit hold lay lead leave lie lose mean meet rise run

beat

beaten

bit

bitten

blown

blew

chose

chosen dug

eaten dealt

dealt

dug

ate

fell felt flew froze hung

fallen felt

flown frozen hung hit held laid left lain

lost led hidden

hid

hit

held

laid

led left

lay

lost

meant

meant

met

met

rose

risen

run

ran

               

sell shake shine show sing spend steal stick strike swim tear throw wake wear win wind

sold shook

sold shaken

shone

shone

showed

shown

sung

sang

spent stole stuck struck

spent stolen

stuck struck

swum tore thrown

woken worn

swam

tore

threw woke wore

won wound

won wound

1.2 动词的时态

英语的时态分为一般时态，进行时态，完成时态，完成进行时态，以下将详细讲述动词时态的各种用法。

1.2.1 一般现在时

简言之，一般现在时(The simple present tense)就是指用于“一般时间”的时态，也就是说，一般现在时可以用于表示现在时段、习惯性的动作；一般现在时还可用于陈述不受时限的客观存在；用一般现在时还可表示将来时间。 1. 表示现在时段

一般现在时可用以陈述现在时段内发生或存在的事件、动作或情况。例如: My father works in a bank. My parents live near Dover. I don't usually work very hard. Someone's at the door, Carol. What do you think, Jane? Father does not smoke. 2. 表示习惯性的动作

使用一般现在时可以表示习惯性动作，即不断重复发生的事。 I get up at 7. John smokes a lot.

He learns languages very quickly.

一般现在时与频度副词连用时，习惯性动作表现的更为明确。常见的频度副词有：always,ever, frequently, hardly,never,occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes,usually等。 I sometimes stay up till midnight. She visits her parents every week.

He hardly makes a mistake when he works. We rarely go hunting when it rains.

How often do you go to the dentist? -- I go every six months. Do you ever eat meat? -- No, I never eat meat. 3. 陈述不受时限的客观存在

一般现在时可以用来陈述不受时限的客观存在，所谓不受时限的客观存在是指客观真理、格言等不受时限的客观事实。例如， Summer follows spring. Gases expand when heated. Water freezes at 32 Fahrenheit. London stands on the River Thames. Familarity breeds contempt. Quality comes before quantity. 4. 表示将来时间

当谈论时间表、节目单或日程表上已安排好的事情的时候，往往用一般现在时表示将来时间。例如，

The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st. The train arrives at 7:46. I will be glad if it rains tomorrow.

当时间状语从句表示将来时，在till/ until,when等时间词语后，一般不用将来时，而用一般现在时。例如， Wait until the rain stops. Don't leave till I arrive.

I won't stop shouting until you let me go.

The Owners will move to a new flat when their baby is born. I shall be on holiday till the end of September when I return. Will you help me when the harvest time comes? 5. 表述和声明

在谈话时，往往用一般现在时的状态动词和其它动词表示表述和声明。例如，

   

I hope/assume/suppose/promise she likes the flowers. I bet it rains tomorrow.

It says that the police expect more trouble in the city. I declare the exhibition open.

*********NOTE********* 第三人称单数的拼法:

1.多数动词后面加s，如work/works,drive/drives,play/plays/run/runs. 2.以字母o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词后面加es，如

do/does,miss/misses,mix/mixes,catch/catches,push/pushes.

3.动词末尾-y前为辅音时，则变-y为-i，再加-es, 如cry/cries.但在动词末尾的-y前为元音时，则只加-s，如，buy/buys, say/says,obey/obeys。

1.2.2 现在进行时

1. 表示正在进行的情况

现在进行时(The present progressive tense)由be的现在式+现在分词构成，表示说话时正在进行的动作或事件，常常与now,at the moment,just等副词连用。例如， Hurry up! We're all waiting for you. Why are you crying? Is something wrong?

He's working at the moment, so he can't answer the phone. What are you doing now? Could you do me a favor? 现在进行时可用于表示正在发展变化的动作或情况。例如， The weather is getting better and better.

Britain's railway system is gradually being improved. People are becoming less tolerant of smoking nowadays. The river is flowing faster after last night's rain. 2. 表示暂时情况

现在进行时可用于表述短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况，例如， My sister is living at home for the moment. Why is that girl standing on the table? I'm seeing a lot of Movie these days. My cat is playing with a little dog. 3. 表示将来

现在进行时可用于表述已安排好，近期内将要发生的活动或事件。例如， We are spending next winter in Australia. Are you doing anything special tonight?

用arrive,come,go,leave等动词的现在进行时描述行程安排，通常有“将到达”、“将离去”的意思。

Mr Cameron is leaving Tokyo in a few days. He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 12-49 train. 4. 重复的动作

副词always, constantly, continually, forever, perpetually, repeatedly等可与进行时连用，表示不断重复的动作,多含有不满或抱怨情绪。例如， She's always borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back. I'm always hearing strange stories about him. Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason. She is constantly compaining about the house.

He's continually asking me for money.

5. 现在进行时还可用于表示刚刚过去的动作或表示婉转口气。例如， What are you talking about? Believe me! I'm telling the truth. I'm hoping you'll give us some advice. I'm wondering if I may have a word with you. *********NOTE********* 拼写法：动词后如何加-ing

1.大多数动词后可直接加-ing，而不需改变动词的拼写法。 beat/beating,carry/carrying,catch/catching,drink/drinking, enjoy/enjoying,hurry/hurrying.

2.如果动词以-e结尾，则去掉-e再加-ing, 如: come/coming,

have/having, make/making,ride/riding,use/using.但以-ee结尾的动词除外：agree/agreeing,see/seeing.

3.如果动词只有一个元音字母，而其后只有一个辅音字母时，则将此辅音字母双写，再加-ing，hit/hitting,let/letting,put/putting,run/running,sit/sitting.

4.如果动词有两个音节，且重音在第二个音节上，则末尾的辅音字母双写后加-ing，如forget/forgetting, prefer/preferring,upset/upsetting.

5.以-ic结尾的动词，要先把 -ic变为 -ick，再加 - ing,如， panic/panicking,picnic/picnicking, traffic/trafficking.

6.以-ie结尾的动词，要先把-ie变为-y，再加 - ing,如，lie/lying,die/dying,tie/tying.

1.2.3 一般过去时（The simple past tense）

一般过去时（The simple past tense）是最常用的用于谈论过去事件的时态，当我们讲述在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态时，通常用一般过去时。 1. 已完成的动作

一般过去时通常表示过去发生而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况，需要注意的是，一般过去时通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。例如，

       

He walked into the bar and ordered a vokda and tonic. I lived in London until I was fourteen.

When I was a child we always went to the seaside in August. Tony phoned a moment ago. The Goths invaded Rome in A.D.410. I saw Fred this morning in town. Did the telephone ring?

Jim punched me in the stomach.

2. 表示现在时间和将来时间

在一些特定句型中，可用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间。主要有以下几种情况： A) 用在if, as if, suppose等词后，表示猜测或与现在事实相反时。例如，

      

If I had the money now I'd buy a house.

If you went at about five o'clock tomorrow you could see him before he left the office. If only I had more time!

You look as if you were just about to scream. He looks as if he was terrified.

Suppose we spent next weekend in Brighton?

Suppose they didn't believe it, what should we do now?

B)用在It's time..., would rather,if only...等结构中，以及用在wish后，表主观设想。例如，

           

Ten o'clock -- it's time you went to bed. It's time she washed that dress.

I'm getting tired -- it's time we went home.

Don't come tomorrow. I'd rather you came next weekend. My wife would rather we didn't see each other any more. „ Shall I open the window?' -- 'I'd rather you didn't.' I wish you hadn't done that. I wish you didn't work so hard. I wish you lived closer to us.

If only she would say what she thought, things would be easier. If only he didn't drive so fast! If only I saw him earlier.

C)有时，使用一般过去时可使口气更为礼貌或婉转。试比较下列例句：

       

Did you wish to come here now? Do you wish to come here now? I wondered if you were free this evening. I wonder if you were free this evening. I thought you might like some flowers. I think you might like some flowers. I hoped we could have dinner together. I hope we could have dinner together.

*********NOTE********* 规则的过去式的拼写法：

1.以-e结尾的动词加-d，如arrive/arrived, phone/phoned, smile/smiled,agree/agreed. 2.不以-e结尾的动词加-ed，如wait/waited, ask/asked, clean/cleaned, follow/followed, video/videoed.

3.有些动词只有一个元音字母，其后以一个辅音字母结尾，则将辅音字母双写，再加-ed，如，stop/stopped, beg/begged, rub/rubbed.

4.在双音节动词的后一个音节中，如其元音字母后接一辅音字母并重读时，则将辅音字母双写，再加-ed，如，occur/occurred, prefer/preferred, refer/referred. 5.如动词以-y结尾，而-y前为一辅音字母时，则变y为i再加-ed如， cry/cried, carry/carried, deny/denied, fry/fried,try/tried.

1.2.4 过去进行时(The past progressive tense)

过去进行时(The past progressive tense)由be的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其用法与现在进行时的用法有不少相似之处。 1. 表示过去进行的动作：

过去进行时可以用来表示过去某时正在进行的情况或动作。

     

I was living abroad in 1997, so I missed the general election. Philippa was working on her essay last night. What were you doing yesterday at ten o'clock.

When I got up this morning the sun was shining, the birds were singing. Hilda was dancing, but when she saw me she stopped. I was talking to the Prime Minister the other day.

2. 在某事发生前开始的动作

过去进行时和一般过去时经常出现在同一个句子里，过去进行时表示过去正在进行的情况或动作，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行的动作往往由when, as, just as ,while引导，例如，（过去进行时在句中充当时间状语）

     

Just as I was leaving the house the phone rang.

Jane met Frank Sinatra when she was living in Hollywood. I was running downstairs when I slipped and fell. I broke a glass while I was cooking the dinner.

While I was fumbling for some money, my friend paid the fares. The phone rang while I was having my breakfast as usual.

3. 表示婉转语气

在用wonder,hope,think等词表达请求、希望、猜测等意思时，可以使用过去进行体，以使语气更为婉转。例如，

  

I was wondering if you could give me a lift.

I was wondering if you'd like to come out with me one evening. I was hoping we could have dinner together.



I was thinking it might rain soon.

4. 并行的动作

在用while或at the time (that)等强调同时进行的两种或几种动作时，可用过去进行时。例如，

While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking the dinner. While I was talking to my wife, she was making some fresh coffee for us. At the time that he was working in a bank, his mother was living with him. *********NOTE*********

我们常用一般过去时而不是过去进行时来描述过去的重复性动作。例如， I rang the bell six times.

(Not: I was ringing the bell six times.)

但是，如果重复性动作是主要动作的暂时性“背景”，则可以用过去进行时。例如， At the time when it happened, I was seeing a lot of Belinda, and I was also going to the opera a lot.

有些动词不可以用于进行时态(请参看动态动词与静态动词)。

I picked up a cake and bit a piece off to see how it tasted. (Not:...was tasting.)

1.2.5 现在完成时（The simple present perfect tense）

现在完成时（The simple present perfect tense）是由have/has的现在式 + 过去分词构成的。规则动词的过去分词形式一般过去时相同，不规则动词则可能不同。 在英语中，现在完成时有两种用法：

 

1）表示开始于过去并持续到现在（也许还会持续下去）的动作。

2）表示在过去不确定的时间里发生过或未发生过的动作，该动作与想在有某种联系。

1. 开始于过去并持续到现在的动作

当我们讲述开始于过去，并持续至现在或讲话时刚刚结束的动作时，经常使用现在完成时。例如，

   

I've planted fourteen rose-bushes so far this morning. I've just tidied up the kitchen.

It's the most interesting book I've ever read. I've often wondered where she gets her money.

2. 已完成的动作或事件

当过去事件刚刚结束并对现在情况有较大影响时，常用过去完成时来讲述。例如，

   

The president has been assassinated. Utopia has declared war on Fantasia.

I can't go on holiday because I've broken my leg. Jason Villiers has been arrested.

3. 与since和 for连用的现在完成时

since与for常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。since + （时点）可用作：

  

—— 连词：Tom hasn't been home since he was a boy. —— 副词：I saw Fiona in May and I haven't seen her since. —— 介词：I've lived here since 1980.

“for + 时段”常与现在完成时连用，表示某事已经进行了多久。例如，

  

He's lived in London for ten years. We've known each other for a long time. She's worked here for 35 years.

1.2.6 过去完成时（The simple past perfect tense）

过去完成时（The simple past perfect tense）由had + 过去分词构成。其主要用法是表示两个事件哪一个发生在前。如果仅仅是讲述发生在过去的事情，应该用一般过去时。例如，

 

The mother died.母亲去世了。 Her son came back.儿子回来了。

用不同的方式把这两个句子结合起来，可以表明它们不同的过去时间关系。 The mother died when her son came back.

儿子回来时，母亲去世了。（即母亲的去世是在儿子刚刚回来的时候） The mother had died when her son came back.

儿子回来时，母亲已经去世了。（即母亲的去世是在儿子回来以前） 1. 用于said,told等讲述性词语之后。

过去完成时经常用于asked, explained, said, told, thought, wondered等讲述性词语后，表示在谈话或产生某种想法之前发生的事情。例如，

     

I asked if he had invited Mr Cary to the party. I explained that I had left the documents in my office. She said that she had met him once before. I told them that I had done enough work for one day. I thought I had sent the check a week before. She wondered who had left the door open.

2. 与when, after, as soon as, by the time等连词连用。

某些典型的连词常用在过去完成时之前，表示“较早的过去”，如after, as soon as, when,这些词往往内含因果关系。例如，

     

She didn't feel the same after her husband had died. We cleared up as soon as our guest had left. I did some gardening when I had written all my letters.

When I had washed the dog, it ran off into the bushes in disgust. By the time I got downstairs, the telephone had stopped ringing. By the time I recovered from the shock, he had disappeared.

 

When I had put the dog out, I locked the door and went to bed. (Not: When I put the dog out, I locked ...)

3. 常与过去完成时连用的副词

常与现在完成时连用的副词，如already, ever, for +(表时段的词), just, never, never...before, before, since+(表时点的词)也常与过去完成时连用。例如，

      

The doctor arrived quickly, but the patient had already died. He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat. She asked me if I had ever been in trouble with the police. I had not seen him for a month.

He had just gone out when you came here.

Juliet was excited because she had never been to a dance before. She had worked here since 1967.

4. 表示未能实现的希望或愿望

我们可用expect, hope, mean, suppose, think, want, wish等动词的过去完成时来表示我们想做而未做的事情。例如，

    

I had expected that we could share the hard time together.

I had hoped that we would be able to leave tome, but it's beginning to look difficult. I had supposed that it was not the truth.

I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time. I had wanted to stand by his side forever.

*********NOTE*********

我们不一定非得用过去完成时表示过去先发生的事件，因为有时句意非常清楚。 After I finished my work, I went home. 在关系从句中，动作的顺序往往十分清楚，

I wore the necklace (which) my grandmother (had) left me. 我们通常用一般过去时表示依次发生的事件。

I got out of the taxi, paid the fare, tipped the driver and dashed into the station. Mary said some rather horrible things to me, I felt pretty upset, but tried not to think about it too much.

1.2.7 完成进行时(The perfect progressive)

现在完成进行时(The present perfect progressive) 由have/has been +-ing分词构成； 过去完成进行时（The past perfect progressive tenses）由had been +-ing分词构成． 现在／过去完成进行时的用法：

1. 在某段时间内一直进行的动作

用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有＂现在＂的结果，要根据上下文来确定到＂现在＂为止，动作是否还在继续进行．

   

She's been typing letters all day.

I've been sitting in the garden for an hour. We've been living here for ten years. Who's been eating my dinner?

同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早的时间内进行的动作，并对过去某一时刻产生结果．

   

When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 7 years. When she arrived I had been waiting for three hours.

I realized that I'd been overworking, so I decided to take a couple of days' holiday. It had been raining for 3 hours before I shut the window.

\"持续性动词\"可用一般时形式，也可用进行时形式，唯一的区别是进行时更强调动作的持续性．

     

We've been living here for ten years. We've lived here for ten years.

She'd been working for Exxon for 7 years. She had worked for Exxon for 7 years. I had been waiting for three hours. I had waited for three hours.

2. 表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时

我们可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作． Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week.

1.3 表示将来语气的多种方法

在英语中，有多种方法可以用来表示将来，其中，常见的表示将来时间的动词结构有： 1. will / shall +动词原形

   

You will feel better after taking this medicine. The concert will start in a minute. We shall know the result next week. Shall we go for a swim tomorrow?

2. be going to 结构

  

Who's going to look after the baby tonight?

I'm going to practise the piano for two hours this evening. Are you going to post that letter by air mail?



We're going to call a meeting to discuss it.

3. 现在进行时结构

   

Harry and Mary are coming this evening. The plane is taking off at 5:20. We're leaving on Friday.

We are probably spending next weekend at home.

4. 一般现在时

   

What time does the next train leave for Dundee? Tomorrow is Friday.

Tell me as soon as she arrives. It won't be long before the rain stops.

5. be to 结构

   

The Prime Minister is to visit Canada next month. I am to have dinner with my uncle tonight. Tell him he's not to be back late.

You are to work with him.Do you know what I mean?

当我们预言某事将要发生时，通常使用shall/ will或going to 结构表示将来时，而不用现在进行时表示将来时。

I think it will rain(or it's going to rain)this evening. You're going to hate him.(or You'll hate him.)

当我们提到状况（例如使用if）时,通常使用shall/will结构而不是going to 结构去预言将来要发生的事情。

If you come here to have a talk, you'll learn the truth.(Not:If you come here to have a talk, you are going to learn...)

Your marriage will never fail if you keep buying her flowers.(Not:Your marriage is never going to fail if...)

当我们谈论将来一定会发生的事情时，通常用going to结构。 It is going to rain. We're going to crash!

当我们谈论现在决定将来要做的事情时，用will表示将来时。 I'm tired. I'll go to bed. I promise I'll pay you back.

1.4 助动词和情态动词

助动词包括：be (is, am, are, was, were, been, being)；have (has, had, having)；do (does, did)；shall (should), will (would)

情态动词包括： can, could, (be able to)；may, might； will ,would； dare, need, must (have to)

\"be+动词不定式\"可以表示下面几种意思:

1. 命令或指示。

No one is to enter the room without permission. The books are not to be taken out of the reading-room. 2. 计划或安排。

A new bridge is to be built over the river soon. The expedition is to start in a week's time. 3. 可能。

This kind of tree is to be found in that forest. 4. 应该。

Such people are to be criticized.

5. 表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示一种命运。

They said good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. He was to regret the decision. 1) was(were)+不定式完成式

这种结构表示“本来打算…，本来要…（而结果则没做）”。 He was to have attended the meeting, but he fell ill. 他本来要参加会议的，但是生病了。（因此没参加）

2) have to 和must在表示“必须”这个意思时是很接近的，但也有一定的区别。 1.have to 比较强调客观需要，表示因客观环境或事态促使而不得不做某事；must强调主观看法，表示主观上认为有必要做某事。

I must learn another language.（主观想法:I want to）

I have to learn another language.（客观需要：身为一个外交官） You must be back before 10 o'clock.（叮嘱或命令）

You have to be back before 10 o'clock because the train is to leave at 10:05.（客观需要） 注意下面两句的含义：

Though she didn't need to, she must go. 虽然她不用去，她却偏要去。

You don't have to come again, but you must. 你不必再来，可是你执意要来。

2.have to多表示义务或习惯动作；must则用于表示一种重要或急迫的事情。 We have to care for the young.（义务）

She has to be at the office before eight every day. （习惯） You must go to the manager at once, or you'll be dismissed. 务必马上去见经理，不然你会被开除的。（急迫的事情）

3.have to可用于不同的时态；而must一般只用于现在时（但也可以表示将来的情况，在间接引语中也可以表示过去时）。 I have to (must) leave now. We'll have to buy another TV set.

They had to put off the sports meet because of the bad weather. He said that the work must be finished within two weeks.

4.must还可以表示一种推断和揣测，而have to则不能。 This must be Jin's pen.

There must be something wrong with the machine.

5. \"must＋动词完成式\"可以用来表示对过去情况的揣测，而have to则不能。 She must have read the book sometime in the past, or she couldn't have answered the question so well. 她一定在过去某个时候读过这本书，不然，这个问题她不会回答得这么好的。

*********NOTE*********

在现代英语中，have to 中不定式和疑问句式既可以按照助动词的变化规则构成，也可以按照行为动词的变化规则构成。

Have you to finish the work before supper? Do you have to finish the work before supper?

3) have got to 常可同have to换用，但有时表示不同的含义。比较： He has to report to the headquarters every two days.（例行公事，习惯动作） He has got to report to the headquarters every two days.（一道指示或命令，必得每天报告一次）

另外，作“有”解时，have got和have通常是可以换用的，have got更口语化，但有时表示不同的含义。比较：

The man has a blind eye.那人有一只眼瞎了。 The man has got a blue eye.那人有一只眼被打青了。 4) must not表示禁止

是说话人强有力的劝告或命令，意为“一定要，不准”。因此，在回答由must引导的问题时，如果是否定的回答，表示“不必，没有必要”，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to.试比较：

You must not drive fast.你不能开快车。（路险或有速度） You needn't drive fast.（时间充裕） You must not tell others.（警告） You needn't tell others.（没有必要）

needs为副词，相当于necessarily, of necessity. must needs和needs must均可表示“必须，必定，不得不”，这层意义上可以通用；但must needs还可表示“偏偏，偏要”，含有讥讽、不满的意思，而needs must则一般无这层意思。 I must needs go there now.

我现在非到那里去不可。（可用needs must） Needs must when the devil drives. 情势所迫不得不那样。

She must needs go away when I want her.

我正需要她时，她偏偏离开了。（不可用needs must） The telephone must needs ring when I went to bed.

我上床睡觉时偏偏有人来电话。（不可用needs must） 5) need指主语的主观特需情况而使之必要。

need既可以作助动词，又可以作行为动词。作助动词时，need没有人称和数的变化，后接不带to的不定式（动词原形），否定式为needn't.作行动动词时，need同别的行为动词一样，有人称和数的变化，后接带to的不定式，否定式要在前面加don't（doesn't, didn't），疑问句用do (does, did) 提问。 There need be no hurry, need there?

He need never know. (=He never needs to know.)

I need only add a few words. (= I only need to add a few words.) 比较：

Father sent me the book, so I didn't need to write to him for it. 父亲把那本书寄来了，所以我不必为此给他写信了。（信没写） Father sent me the book, so I needn't have written to him for it. 父亲把那本书寄来了，所以我本不该为此再写信给他的。（信已写） She didn't need to come.她不必来的。（实际也没来） She need't have come.她本来不必来的。（但却来了） *********NOTE*********

作助动词用时，need只用于疑问句中和否定句中，在肯定句中常用must, have to, should, ought to等。

Need you do it right now? I needn't, but he must. She doesn't need to be told. She has already known it. （客观情况使得告诉她没有必要：她已经知道） She needn't be told. We should keep it secret from her. （主观上不愿告诉）

6) ought没有词形变化，通用于所有人称，可以用于现在时，过去时和将来时， 同带to的不定式连用，否定式为ought not to (oughtn't)，疑问式把ought放在主语前。 He knew he ought not to tell her that. *********NOTE*********

ought to与must, have to, should的含义比较接近，但不完全相同。ought to表示义务或责任，用以提醒某人注意其义务，或提出劝告，指出一个正确、明智的行为。must强调的是主观愿望，指必须做什么，牵涉到说话人的权威。have to 则表示由某种情况、环境所迫而不得不做某事。should同ought to用法完全相同，只是ought to口气稍重一些。比较：

You ought to respect the old.（劝告）

You must do it at once.（含有说话人的权威性）

We'll have to reconsider the matter.（情况所迫：发现有新的问题）

We should (ought to) do more for the country.（义务，责任） 表示“必然”时，ought to的语气不像must那么肯定。 比较：

This is where the gold deposits must be. 这里一定是埋藏金子的地方。

This is where the gold deposits ought to be. 这里应是埋藏金子的地方。

7) used to +动词原形表示一种过去的习惯、过去的例行活动或方式

一个与现在情况相反的过去状况，意为“过去常常”，否定式为used not to (usedn't to)，疑问式把used放在主语前。be (become, get, grow, accustomed) used to＋动名词或名词（不能加动词原形）意为“习惯于…，对…习惯”。

       

He usedn't to like English, but he quite likes it now. The students soon got used to school regulations. She didn't used to come.

She usedn't to come. 她过去不常来。 Did he used to get up early?

Used he to get up early? 他过去常早起吗？ Didn't he used to get up early?

Usedn't he to get up early? 他过去不是早起吗？

*********NOTE*********

used to还可以同often, never, always连用。

He often used to work late at night.他过去常工作到深夜。 She always used to get up at four o'clock in the morning. 她过去总是早晨4点起床。

8) 除在一般将来时中用于第一人称外，shall还有如下用法。 1.表示征求意见或请求指示。

 

Shall we meet in the evening?晚上见好吗？ How shall I start the machine?怎样开动这部机器？

*********NOTE*********

shall只表示“愿意按对方的指示去做”，而may, might或can表示“征求对方的同意”，意为“行不行，好不好，可以不可以。”比较： Shall I come in?你要我进来吗？

May（或might, can）I come in?我可以进来吗？ Shall I buy the dictionary?要我买那本词典吗？

May （或might, can）I buy the dictionary?我可买那本词典吗？ Shall I go there tomorrow?要我明天去那里吗？ May I go there tomorrow?我明天去那里好吗？

用于第二、三人称，要重读，不可缩写、表示意图、意志、允诺、命令或必然结果等；但shall所表示的意志是说话人的意志，而非句子中主语的意志。在法律、条约、协定等文件中，shall 表示义务、规定等。

You shall have a lot of money= I shall give you a lot of money. （意图） 你会有很多钱的。（我会给你很多钱的）

Each citizen shall carry his identification card when travelling.（规定） 旅行时每个公民务必带上身份证、

She shall get this paper in the evening.（允诺） He shall get what he deserves.（警告）

Death is certain to all; all shall die.死必临万物；万物皆会死。（命运） Better days shall soon follow.（预言）

9) will和would除在将来时态中用于第二、三人称外，还有如下用法。 1.表示请求（这时will和would通用，而would更委婉，也用won't）。

 

Will you give her the letter? 你把这封信给她好吗？

Would you please tell me your telephone number? 请把你的电话号码告诉我好吗？

2.表示习惯或倾向。will用于一般的习惯，would用于描述过去的习惯或例行的活动。would同used to 强调过去的习惯性动作或状态，但如今已不存在，与现在的情况形成对比，既可表示过去持续的状态，也表示过去曾经的行为。

 

Scarf used to be heavy smoker. Father used not to be so forgetful.

would强调过去某种特定情况下的动作，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。would 只表示重复的动作，不表示状态。比较：

   

She used to get up at six in the morning.（正，重复的行为） She would get up at six in the morning.(误)

Man used to think that the earth was flat.（正，持续状态） Man would think that the earth was flat.(误)

would 可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可。

 

Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighbouring woods.（不可用used to ） An Englishman will show you the way in the street.英国人在街上是会给你指路的。（英国人一般都会这样做。）



In those days, whenever I had difficulties, I would go to Mr Shen for help.



He used to get up at five, but now he gets up at six.

下面两句是错误的，应改用used to:

He would be very nervous when taking an exam.

Before liberation, workers would work sixteen hours a day. 3.表示推测。

  

It will be Mr Wang knocking at the door. It would be about ten o'clock when he left home. They will have arrived in New York by now.

*********NOTE*********

will表示推测时没有must把握大，should也可以表示推测，但比will 把握略小。其程度由低到高为might→may→could→should→ought to→would→will→must。 4.表示命令、强迫等（只用will，通用于所有人称）。

 

All will arrive before 7:45. 所有人员务必在7:45之前到达。 I won't allow her to do that. 我不会让她做那件事的。

5.表示意愿或固执坚持。用于非人主语时，表示固有性质、倾向。

   

She won't lend me the money. 她不愿把钱借给我。

He is the man who will go his own way. 他是一个自行其是的人。 The window won't open. 窗子打不开。 I won't argue with you.

比较：



He will do it, whatever might happen. 不管发生什么，他都要做这件事。（He坚持要做）



He shall do it, whatever might happen. 不管发生什么，他都必须做这件事。（我们要He做）

6.表示能力（拟人化）。 The hall will seat 1000 people.

That was a strong dog. How much would it carry? 7.表示客观事实。 Fish will die out of water. Oil will float on water. 8.表示意图或允诺。

I'll trouble you for the dictionary. You will have your share. I won't let you down. 9.表示拒绝，用won't 。 I won't listen to your nonsense.

I urged him to do it, but he wouldn't hear of it. 10.will在if从句中的运用。

在含有if从句的主从复合句中，如果if引导的条件状语从句表示的是一般将来时或过去将来时，不可用will或would，而要用一般现在时或一般过去时代替。但是，will可用于if从句中表示各种“愿望”，这些愿望包括“请求，意愿，拒绝，同意，允许，能够，坚持，选择，计划”等。

                 

If you will come into the hall, the meeting will begin soon. 请到大厅里来，会议快要开始了。（请求）

If you will make another try. I shall do everything possible to help you. 如果你原意再试一次的话，我愿尽一切可能帮助你。（意愿） If he won't go with you, I shall ask somebody else. 如果他不肯同你一起去的话，我将另找他人。（拒绝） If you will agree with me. I shall tell you everything about it. 如果你同意我的观点，我将把一切都告诉你。（同意） If you will not come late again, I shall let you in. 如果你答应不再迟到的话，我就让你进去。（允诺） If anyone will find a cure to the disease, it will be a wonder. 如果有人能够治好这种病的话，那将是一个奇迹。（能够） If you will do it like that, you will fail.

如果你坚持要那样做的话，你会失败的、（坚持） If you will buy bread, I shall buy beer. 如果你买面包，我就买啤酒。（选择）

If you won't lend money to him, please let me know. 如果你不打算把钱借他的话，就让我知道。（计划）

*********NOTE*********

在下面的句子中，would有“可能”的含义： I wouldn't dream of it.我做梦也不会想到。 That's what he would do.他会那么做的。 You wouldn't know.你不会知道的。

10) can指人体力、智力、性格上的主观可能，也指性质上可能． 1.表示许可。can表示许可时，是may在非正式场合的替代词。 You can borrow two books at a time from the library. 2.表示可能性。

I can't guess whose book it is. Measles can be quite dangerous.

3.表示能力。can表示能力时（即有某种知识和技能而能办到），可与be able to换用，但在将来时和完成时中必须用be able to结构；表示经过努力而成功地办到了某个具体

的事情时，只能用be able to,不可用can.这种用法的be able to相当于succeed in 或 manage to.

        

Can you type? Are you able to type?

He could swim across the river even in his later years. He was able to swim across the river even in his later years.

I'm sure we shall be able to get you a job soon.（不可用can）经过努力 He has been able to finish the work on time.（不可用can）完成时 After years of hard work he was able to win the prize.（不可用could） She couldn't climb the mountain.（没有能力爬，因而也没爬） She was not able to climb the mountain.（尝试爬过，但没能爬上去）

*********NOTE*********

could是can的过去式，除具有can的各种功能外，还可以用来比较委婉、客气地提出问题或陈述看法。

Could you come a little earlier?

I am sorry I couldn't lend you the book now. can和could还可以表示某人或某物一时的特点。

It can be very misty in this area.这个地区有时会大雾弥漫。

He can be very friendly at times.他有时会很友好。（并不是一贯友好）

can / could + have + 过去分词有时相当于may / might＋have + 过去分词，意为“可能”。can是could 的口语体，语气上较婉转。can not have + 过去分词和could not have + 过去分词均可表示“过去不可能”。

John can / could have been seriously hurt in the accident. Can they have missed the train? He couldn't have been swimming all day.

肯定的推测用must, 否定的推测用can not。比较： What she says must be true. What she says can not be true.

can be和 could be后可接possible作表语。 Can it be possible? It can't be possible.

Could it be possible that he dialed a wrong number?

possible的副词形式possibly也可同can或could连用，表示强调。 I can't possibly do it. It's against the law.

11) may

1.表示许可（正式场合）。 You may take the book home.

Candidates may not bring reference books into the examination room. （表示说话人不许可，相当于We don't permit…） 2.表示可以做或可能发生的事。 They may not be there today.

A situation like this may / can occur from time to time. 3.表示祝愿。

May your kingdom come! May our friendship live long. 4.用在表示目的的状语从句中。

Get up early so that we may catch the train. 比较：

They may not go swimming.（不许可）

They may not come if it rains.如果下雨，他们就可能不来。 They mustn't go swimming.他们一定不能去游泳。（责令不得去） *********NOTE*********

might是may的过去式，在表示“可能”这个概念时，may和 might 是可以换用的，但might表示较多的怀疑，可能性较小，或者表示更婉转的语气。试比较： Jim may lend you the money.（可能性较大） Jim might lend you the money.（可能性较小） Might I ask a question?（较婉转）

回答May I …?问句时，may not意为“不可以”；回答Can…？问句时，may not意为“可能不”；may not还可以表示“可以不” May I sit here? No, you may not.

Can the story be true? It may be, or may not be.可能是，也可能不是。

You may not tell her that.你可以不把那件事告诉她。（也可以表示：你不可把那件事告诉她）。

may表示“可能”时一般不用在疑问句中，而以be likely to等结构替代。 Is he likely to win the match? 他有可能会赢这场比赛吗？

这种结构用来建议或劝说某人采取某种行动，相当于had better. It is very late, so you may / might as well go to bed. 夜深了，还是去睡吧。

May well+动词原形意为“理应，有足够的理由”。

He may well be proud of his son. 他大可以他的儿子为荣。 She may well say so.她说得对。 12) should

1.用于疑问句或感叹句中（表示意外、惊讶等，与how, why, who连用）。 How should I know?

Why should you be worrying?

Who should come to meet us but the manager!

Why was it that the manager would go back on his words? 2.用在某些状语从句中。

He took a taxi to the station so that she should not miss the train.（也可根据需要，用might 或could）

They removed and buried all machines for fear (that) the enemy should make use of them.

3.用在I'm surprised, It worries me, It's a pity, It's unthinkable等结构后面的句子中表示惊讶、忧虑、惋惜、欢欣等情绪。

I'm surprised that he should eat so little every day. 他每天吃得那么少，真使我感到惊讶。

It's a pity that she should fail in the entrance examination. 她没有考取，真是可惜。

4.表示应该做，且有一种道义上的责任。 I should help him because he is in trouble now. You should do it because you have promised to. 比较：

would常用来解释为什么没做某事。

I would go to the football match but the weather is too bad. So I won't. I would do it but I have something too urgent to be delayed.

5.意为“可能，该”，表示对现在情况、将来情况或过去情况的某种推测。 He should arrive at noon.他该在中午到达。 Jim should be at home.吉姆可能在家。

He should be taking a bath now.他可能正在洗澡。 They should have finished the work by tomorrow. 到明天他们就可能完成工作了。

They should have reached the town by now. 他们现在该已经到达那座小城了。 13) Dare

表示意志上的主观可能，指在勇气、胆量上可能。dare既可用作助动词，又可用作行为动词。作助动词用时，dare的否定式为dare not,后接动词原形；作行为动词用时，dare的否定式是don't (doesn't. didn't) dare，后接带to的动词不定式。 She dare not (daren't) go out at night. (= She doesn't dare to go out at night.)

He dares to say what he thinks. Dare you touch it again? *********NOTE*********

dare＋动词原形表示现在或将来时间，dare后也可以接动词完成式指过去的情况。 Dare he have done it yesterday?

dare作行为动词用时，后接的不定式也可省略to。 She has never dared (to) tell her mother that.

How dare you (he)…?表示“愤怒、谴责”之意，不表示疑问。 How dare you call him a liar? 你怎敢把他说成是撒谎者？

dare作及物动词时用时，有“挑激”之意。

I dare him to jump over the wall.我挑激他跳过那堵墙。 I dare say为惯用语，意为“我想，我以为”。

She will keep her word, I dare say.我想她会守信用的。 1.may和might＋动词完成式 此结构用于推测过去的行为。

She said that he might have missed the plane.她说他可能误了航班。 If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier. 2.can和could+动词完成式

A.表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去未付诸实施的事情的惋惜。 In those circumstances we could have done better.

在那样的情况下，我们本来可以做得更好的。（但没有做得更好） B. 推测过去的某种行动。

Where can /could she have gone?她可能到哪里去了呢？

The boy can't have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.

这孩子不可能那么快就把这本书读完的，因为即使对一个成人来说，这本书也是相当难的。

*********NOTE*********

can't和couldn't＋ 动词原形可以用来表示否定推断。 He can't be over fifty.他不可能超过50岁。 3.must＋动词完成式

表示对过去行为的推断，具有较大的可能性，意为“一定…，想必…”。 She must have gone through a lot. 她一定吃过很多苦。 *********NOTE*********

must＋动词原形→对现在的推测，must be＋现在分词→对未来或现在正在进行的推测。

She looks happy; she must be having a good time. It must be raining tomorrow according to the radio. 4.needn't＋动词完成式和didn't need to do.

A.needn't＋动词完成式表示一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为。 You needn't have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. 你本来不必浇花的，因为天要下雨了。（但却浇了）

We needn't have told him the news because he knew it already. B.didn't need (have) to do结构表示没有必要做某事，实际上也没有做。 I didn't need to clean the windows. My sister did it. 我不必擦窗，我妹妹擦了。（我没有擦）

We didn't need to carry his luggage; his brother carried it himself. 5. should+动词完成式

A.此结构的肯定式表示应该做的事而没有做，否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。 You should have given her more help. 你应该多给她一些帮助的。（但没有给）

She shouldn't have left the hospital so soon, for she had not yet recovered. 她本不该那么早就离开医院的，因为她还没有康复。（但离开了） B.表示推测，意为“可能”，但可能性较小。 He should have finished the work by now. 他现在该把工作完成了。（推测）

I think they should have arrived by this time. 我想他们现在该到了。

C. should / would have thought意为“本以为，本认为”。 A: \"Can you type?\" B: \"Certainly.\"

A: \"Well, I should have thought you would't.\" I should have thought she wouldn't agree. 我本来认为她不会同意的。

D. should have thought有时意为“认为，以为”，相当于should think，但表示更为委婉、谦逊或不肯定的语气。

I should have thought it fairly good. 我以为它是很不错的。

I should have thought you might take this into consideration. 我认为你要把这个考虑进去。

E.should have＋过去分词用于虚拟语气：

Had you written him, you should have known the details. 6.ought to+动词完成式

此结构表示某种过去应该做而没有做的事，或被忽略未做的某种明智行为。 You ought to have returned the book earlier.（还晚了）

You ought to have refused her at the beginning, but now it is too late. *********NOTE*********

这里的ought to也可以用should代替。 比较：

Can / Could he have read the book?他可能读过那本书吗？ He may / might have read the book.他也许读过那本书。 He should（ought to ）have read the book.他应该读过那本书。 He must have read the book.他一定读过那本书。

He can't have read the book. 他不可能（决不会）读过那本书。

这两种结构表示：“应当正在…，可能正在…”，“应当一直在…，可能一直在…”等。 She might be still thinking of you. 她可能一直在想你。

He must have been working hard these years. 这些年来他一定是非常努力的。 比较→

对现在活动的推测：

What can / could she be doing now?她现在会在做什么呢？ She may / might be watering the flowers.她可能在浇花。 She must be watering the flowers.她一定在浇花。 She can't be watering the flowers.她不可能在浇花。 比较→

对一直进行的活动的推测：

He may have been writing the paper for months. 他也许几个月来一直在写论文。

He must have been writing the paper for months. 他肯定几个月来一直在写论文。

Can he have been writing the paper for months? 难道他几个月来一直在写论文吗？