Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations
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考试日期 2015年4月18日
Reading Passage 1 Title Question types
The history of Russian Ballet V121124 俄罗斯芭蕾舞发展史（历史类） 判断题 6题 表格填空 7题
芭蕾舞于15、16世纪发源于意大利，17世纪后期芭蕾传入俄国，1673年外国演员带来了最早的节目。进入18世纪，皇室对芭蕾舞更感兴趣。1738年在彼得堡建立了第一所舞蹈学校，重点就是教学芭蕾舞。1773年和1776年在莫斯科相继成立芭蕾舞班和芭蕾舞团。不久，不仅训练成功许多出色的芭蕾舞舞蹈家，还培养了杰出的编导。后来，当欧洲其他国家的芭蕾舞在经历了令人振奋的高潮后很快就衰落下去时，俄国芭蕾舞却继续欣欣向荣。
19世纪中叶40年代，外国舞蹈家们频繁访俄，塔利奥妮父女、佩罗、圣一列翁等人的表演和编导活动，特别是布农维尔的学生约翰逊（在圣彼得堡）和布拉西斯（在莫斯科）的教学活动，他们向俄国舞蹈界传授了法兰西、意大利两大舞派的精华，为俄国芭蕾艺术的发展起到了极大的促进作用。
在俄罗斯舞派的形成和发展中，法国芭蕾编导珀蒂帕、意大利的切凯蒂为俄国芭蕾艺术的发展，特别是在培养芭蕾人才方面也作出了巨大的贡献。19世纪下半叶开始，欧洲芭蕾的中心逐渐移到俄国了，这一时期，在俄罗斯的舞台上创作和演出了《堂吉诃德》、《舞姬》、《天鹅湖》、《睡美人》、《胡桃夹子》等一大批优秀剧目，浪漫主义芭蕾达到了新高峰。从此俄国在世界芭蕾史上开始占有重要位置。切凯蒂的学生，包括著名的舞蹈家巴甫洛娃、瓦加诺娃和福金。
瓦加诺娃是苏联古典芭蕾教育体系的奠基人，她所著的《古典舞蹈基础》系统地阐明了其教学思想和方法，她培养了包括乌兰诺娃在内的整整一代苏联优秀芭蕾演员。而福金被誉为芭蕾艺术的革新家。福金主张继承古典芭蕾传统，同时又要有所创新。他主张，每部作品中创造出符合于情节、能够体现时代精神和民族性格，最有表现力的新形式。他在编导手法上吸收了交响音乐的主题、变奏、复调、对位等技法，加强舞蹈的表现力和哑剧的动态感。福金对芭蕾的革新，对20世纪苏联和欧美，乃至全世界的芭蕾艺术的发展都有极为深远的影响。
佳吉列夫是一位杰出的俄罗斯芭蕾舞界的组织者。1913年他成立了佳吉列夫俄罗斯芭蕾舞团，遍访欧洲各地，对欧洲芭蕾的复兴起了巨大的推动作用。佳吉列夫具有卓越的组织才能，善于发挥人的才能和发现新的人才，对俄国
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芭蕾事业的发展有着巨大的功劳。
十月革命胜利之后，苏联教育人民委员卢纳察尔斯基领导舞蹈界为建设新的苏维埃舞剧进行了努力。在实际发展中，苏联芭蕾继承和发展了俄罗斯芭蕾的优秀传统，并进行创新，逐步形成了在新的历史条件下的崭新艺术。苏联芭蕾的重要特点之一是注重作品的思想性，强调舞蹈艺术的社会功能和教育作用。乌兰诺娃是这一时期最杰出的芭蕾演员之一，曾先后在基洛夫剧院和莫斯科大剧院任芭蕾舞团主要演员。乌兰诺娃的舞蹈艺术富于抒情诗意，刻画人物细腻，善于表现复杂的人物性格。她的代表剧目有《巴赫切萨拉伊的泪泉》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《灰姑娘》、《天鹅湖》、《吉赛尔》等。乌兰诺娃在世界芭蕾舞坛享有很高的声誉。
40年代到50年代，苏联芭蕾艺术把戏剧化作为发展的主流，促进了芭蕾艺术的发展和繁荣，但在一定程度上也带来了消极的影响。由于苏联提倡社会主义现实主义方法，故芭蕾也注意思想意义，强调社会功能；注意通过戏剧冲突，塑造典型形象；注意吸收民间舞蹈养料，丰富芭蕾表现语言；舞蹈作为表情手段，注意与音乐和谐统一，独舞与群舞结合，两者相互配合等等。这是一种在继承传统的基础上形成的新式芭蕾。代表艺术家和代表作品有扎哈罗夫的《灰姑娘》（1945）、雅各布松的《舒拉列》（1950）等。
1957年基洛夫芭蕾舞团上演格里戈罗维奇的《宝石花》是个转折点，预示苏联的交响芭蕾获得了重视。苏联交响芭蕾在继承传统的基础上，从音乐的内涵出发，安排舞蹈，追求音乐与舞蹈的完美结合，既表达时代精神，又尽量揭示原作的哲理和诗意，为苏联交响芭蕾的复兴和繁荣，做出了贡献。苏联直到70年代以后，都是交响芭蕾的兴盛阶段。
在交响芭蕾占主导地位的时期，戏剧芭蕾仍继续发展，并有名作《哈姆雷特》等问世。在探索的过程中，象格里戈罗维奇，既写交响芭蕾，也写戏剧芭蕾，同时更把两者结合起来，他的《伊凡雷帝》（1975）等就是属于两结合的作品，并且大都获得成功。
在苏联，也有人不满粉饰现实、公式化、概念化的作品，而采用抽象、象征等手法创作芭蕾，但因朦胧晦涩，既不符合艺术领导机构的口味，也脱离群众，业已形成的欣赏习惯，加上其本身艺术上的粗糙，尝试遭到失败。苏联解体后，这类作品再次引起艺术家的青睐，目前正在探索之中，难于作准确的介绍。
苏联解体以后，俄罗斯对艺术创造不再有现实主义要求的限制，在芭蕾舞创作方面更加自由。特别是90年代初，俄罗斯境内出现了大量的独立芭蕾舞团体，不从属于国立剧院，多由一些有建树的著名的芭蕾舞演员或编导领导，通过国内国外巡回演出、拍摄芭蕾舞电影和电视获得发展资金，而不是靠国家财政拨款。（近几年来我国进行商业演出的多为此类芭蕾舞团）。在这些独立的芭蕾舞体里，芭蕾舞艺术更加个人化，出现了很多新创作，更多地使用了现代舞、自由舞和其他舞蹈语言。由于社会动荡，死亡和恐惧成了新创
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作的重要表现主题，这些新作褒贬不一。但无论如何，古典芭蕾舞依然是当今俄罗斯的主流。
此外，1991年之后，重新认识和评价十月革命时期流亡国外和苏联时期叛逃的俄罗斯芭蕾舞演员和编导在欧美取得的艺术成就，认可这些成绩也是俄罗斯芭蕾舞艺术发展的一个重要组成部分，并被写入《俄罗斯芭蕾舞百科全书》。俄罗斯与其它国家在芭蕾舞领域的交流日益密切，俄罗斯各类芭蕾舞团体频繁在国外巡回演出。
Until 1689, ballet in Russia was nonexistent. The Tsarist control and isolationism in Russia allowed for little influence from the West. While the West went through the revolutions of “the Reformation, the Renaissance, and science…Russia remained cut off and bound up in the timeless liturgies of the Orthodox faith”.[1] It wasn't until the rise of Peter the Great that Russian society opened up to the West. St. Petersburg was erected to embrace the West and compete against Moscow’s backwardness. Yet the challenge to become “European” collided with the reality of Russian isolationism: “In striking contrast to their west European counterparts, the Russian elite lived unadorned lives: in wooden houses and slept on benches (or on top of the warm stove) and their clothing and manners resembled those of peasants: rough and indecorous. Men coveted long and bushy black beards, which they took to be a sign of godliness and masculinity (God was bearded and women couldn't grow one). Only demons were depicted as clean-shaven. Fancy foreign dress was prohibited, and foreigners living in Moscow were quarantined in their own ‘German Suburb,’ a ghetto of European culture coveted by a few and dismissed by most. Muscovite society was not society in any form recognizable in the West.[2]
Peter the Great created a new Russia which rivaled the society of the West with magnificent courts and palaces. His vision was not to bring Russia to the West, but to bring the West to Russia. He created a court system like that in the West through legal edicts and strict rules. In the West art was an evidence of cultural freedom, but in Russia it was a deliberately controlled expression and advancement. “The rules were carefully laid out in The Honorable Mirror of Youth, a compilation of Western courtesy books designed to educate courtiers in the intricacies of refined behavior, including dancing.”[3] Classical ballet entered the realm of Russia not as entertainment, but as a “standard of physical comportment to be emulated and internalized-an idealized way of behaving.”[4]The aim wasn’t to entertain the masses of Russians, but to create a cultivated and new Russian people.
In the early 19th century, the theaters were opened up to anyone who could afford a ticket. There was a seating section called a rayok, or 相关原文阅读
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'paradise gallery', that consisted of simple wooden benches. This allowed non-wealthy people access to the ballet, because tickets in this section were inexpensive.[5]
One author describes the Imperial ballet as “unlike that of any other country in the world…the most prestigious of the ballet troupes were those attached to the state-supported theatres. The directors of these companies were personally appointed by the tsar, and all the dancers were, in a sense, Imperial servants. In the theatre, the men in the audience always remained standing until the tsar entered his box and, out of respect, after the performance they remained in their places until he had departed. Curtain calls were arranged according to a strict pattern: first, the ballerina bowed to the tsar’s box, then to that of the theater director, and finally to the general public.[6] 1-6判断题
1. TRUE 2. TRUE 3. FALSE 4. FALSE
5. NOT GIVEN 6. TRUE
是非无判断题难度并不大，但是需要考生细心关注答案的写法，很多考生把TRUE/FALSE又写成YES/NO。第二题表格题为送分题，因此第一篇文章的难度不大。判断题属于顺序类题型，填空题比较集中。
历史类文章是近期考试的高频，建议考生多去阅读同类型话题的文章，增加对西方历史背景的熟悉度。
判断题：
顺序题型，注意定位词和考点词，注意区分FALSE和NOT GIVEN的辨析，FALSE是文章有提到信息并且与题目信息对立，NOT GIVEN是文章没提及题目所问信息，所以考点词的推测对区分FALSE和NOT GIVEN有很大影响。
表格填空： 有顺序原则；
运用定位的方法，注意空周围单词在文中的替换； 注意做题前浏览表格已给信息，选择合适的定位词； 关注同栏单词的特点。 剑7 Test 3 Passage 3
题型难度分析
题型技巧分析
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习
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Reading Passage 2 Title Question types
Episodic Memory 情景记忆（生物类） List of heading 6题 段落细节配对 3题 多选题 4题（5选2）
第一段：人类也许是唯一拥有情景记忆的动物。
第二段：有可能动物也有，然后有个科学家对一种鸟做了一个实验。把幼虫lava和坚果nut埋起来，然后把鸟关一阵子，然后放出来看能否记住埋食物的地方。如果新鲜的话，鸟会先刨开幼虫吃，如果时间长了，也许幼虫死了，鸟会去刨坚果，从而证明鸟也有这个记忆功能。 第三段：很短，就讲了大脑如果损坏的影响。
第四段：讲科学家分析大脑在情景记忆中的运行过程。 第五段：讲其实这种记忆可以改进，然后举了猴子的实验。
14-19 List of headings 14. vi 15. iii
20-23多选题
20-21. 选：A和E 22-23. 选：B和D
Memory for previous interactions
Memory for previous interactions is critical for successful long-term social relationships. This is largely due to a human expectation of reciprocity, which requires humans to have a better memory for favours or debts owed. These memories play an important role in deciding whether or not a human interacts with another in the future, as they contribute to the construction of a person's reputation. Milinski, Semmann & Krambeck (2002) have demonstrated, through the use of public goods games and indirect reciprocity games, that humans are less likely to interact with those who have a reputation for not equivalently returning the favour.
Research indicates that long-term memory can directly influence a person's choice of strategy during interaction. Participants with normal memory functioning were found to use a wider variety of techniques in the Prisoner's Dilemma task. Thus, memory constraints alter the strategies used during social interactions.
Evolutionary psychologists have shown that memories for social interactions are subject to natural selection.[20][21] As demonstrated through free recall and recognition tasks, humans are able to discern between cooperators and cheaters in social interactions.
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Impression formation
The impressions humans leave each other with after interactions, whether active or passive, help to build reputations.
A study by Espejo (2003) has demonstrated that the extent of a social interaction does not significantly impact short-term memory retention for that interaction. This indicates that the processes by which impressions are formed do not take much time to occur. Furthermore, as these results were demonstrated in rats with lesioning in the medial prefrontal cortex, a key brain structure for social interaction, they suggest a multi-component system of memory. However, a study by Belmore (1987) on impression formation and serial position indicated that behaviours from early in an acquaintance are no better recalled than later events.
Expectations about a person can influence what is remembered about that individual after an initial interaction. Therefore, such information impacts the impression one person makes on another. For example, Srull (1981) found that people had better recall for memories of a person acting in a way opposite to previous expectations. This was attributed to the repeated retrieval of such memories in attempts to reconcile them with the person’s reputation.
Furthermore, the memories that contribute to an impression appear to be influenced by negativity and the source of behaviour. Research on the subject indicates that people are more likely to remember negative behaviour when it is perceived as coming from a moral or dispositional source, and positive behaviour when seen as coming from either a person’s ability or a need to suit the situation. Positive behaviours result from a desire to appear socially acceptable, whereas negative behaviours are more revealing of the individual's personality. Thus, negative behaviours lead to more questioning of the individual’s actual personality, which in turn results in more methodical processing of that person’s behaviour. This is believed to produce better memory for events by forming more associative links to the memory of that behaviour. However, positive behaviour may also be subject to this improved memory if there is reason to doubt the behaviour. If a critical assessment of an individual’s actions results in a contrast to their positive image, the amount of interaction with that person will decrease.
Memory for cheaters and cooperators
From a psychological standpoint, friends and foes have been defined in a
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number of ways, but do not have a consistent operational definition. One definition of friends and foes is as cheaters and non-cheaters, with non-cheaters also referred to as cooperators. Cheaters are defined as those who benefit from cooperation, but endure no costs, thereby discouraging cooperators. Cheaters benefit from others’ cooperation without the costs of reciprocation. Cooperation is risky because those who cooperate gamble with the possibility of being exploited by a cheater.
Enhanced memory for faces of cheaters has been well demonstrated in humans. Specifically, when exposed to trustworthy and untrustworthy faces, the memories of untrustworthy faces persist longer through an extinction procedure than do trustworthy faces, and when presented with pictures of faces with accompanying descriptions of cheating, trustworthy, or irrelevant information, people have enhanced source memory for the faces of cheaters. However, the existence of a cognitive module specific to cheater detection is the subject of scientific debate. While enhanced memory for cheaters is most likely due to a specific cognitive module, there is currently insufficient evidence to support the existence of this specific module due to the difficulty of demonstrating such an evolutionary cognitive trait.
Cheater recognition is closely related to the recognition of specific emotions. Bell et al. argue for the existence of an emotional incongruity effect. Memory is better for the face of a smiling cheater than of a smiling cooperator, because the incongruity captures the attention of the participant. If the emotion violates the expectancy then it is much better remembered. Furthermore, negative information is much better remembered whether it violates expectancies or not. Negative emotions have a strong effect on source memory due to the presence of threatening stimuli. Memory is determined by the emotional reaction of people at the encoding stage for both trustworthy and cheaters' facial expressions. Furthermore, encoding levels process the recognition for traits and features of face recognition over expression of the face. Memory is more readily remembered for emotionally involving information than for emotionally neutral information.
Friends and foes are represented differently in the brain. The fusiform cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and areas involved in motivational control were differentially activated as a function of previous social encounters. In general, these areas were more active when faces were perceived as foes rather than friends.
Destination memory
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Destination memory is the ability to remember information one has conveyed to others. Telling a story multiple times, unaware that listeners have heard the story before, is an example of destination memory failure. Destination memory is important for conversations because it allows people to recall what was already talked about. Deficiency in destination memory is more common among older adults, but has been reported by university students as well. Destination memory is notoriously poor due to ineffective integration of components of episodic memory. However, there appear to be few, if any, negative social implications for poor destination memory.
题型难度分析
有考生在备考中看过原文。List of heading题量较多，增加了本文的难度，多选题比较简单。话题上，生物类的研究难免涉及动物实验和生物类单词。段落细节信息配对题 1. 无序
2. 注意有可能出现NB
3. 注意大量题目和原文的近义替换
段落细节配对难度较大，建议考生放在本篇文章所有题型的最后去做。做题时注意切不可逐题去原文整篇文章搜寻答案，这样会导致文章来来回回看很多遍，耗时太长。
1. 划出所有题目的keywords, 同时考虑到有可能出现近义替换的词，有针对性的去原文寻找答案。如看到be conscious of立刻想到雅思高频近义替换be aware of…, 看到reproduce想到copy。
2. 某些题目可以对题目进行细致的分析，预测所在段落（平时通过精读多熟悉文章结构安排，了解行文模式） 3. 做题时以文章为基准，每看一段，浏览题目中的keywords是否与其相关。剑4 Test 3 Passage 2
题型技巧分析
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文练习
Reading Passage 3 Title Question types
新能源车（科技类）/环保汽车 Hybrid 单选题 3题 判断题 5题
带词库的summary 5题
第一段：讲新能源车的情况。
第二段: 讲GM的EV-1的失败例子和FORD的新工程的失败例子。 第三四段：讲丰田普锐斯成功的原因。
最后几段讲新世纪人们对能源汽车的接受态度的转变。
27-29单选题
27. 选：A. 垃圾处理会产生更多垃圾
28. 选：C. 人们认为他的处理可以更好一些 29. 选：B
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36-40判断题 36. YES 37. YES
38. NOT GIVEN 39. NO 40. NO
题型难度分析
依然是主流题型，判断题再次出现，另外单选依然像以往考试出现在第三篇。此篇难度从话题和题型设置上看难度中等偏上。
单选题：
由题干和4个选项构成，基本题干可以用来定位，如果题干无法准确定位，从选项反推即可。正确选项一般是对文章的改写，注意同义转换，错误的选项有的是干扰项，非常容易误选，也有的是文章未提及的内容，应排除。单选题难度不大，但错误率高，一般出2-5题。
Summary填空题：
该题型一般遵循顺序原则，若是对一段或者几段的summary, 难度不大，如果是全文，难度提升。首先确定段落定位，快速浏览段落，找到和题目相关的词，注意同义替换。 剑6 Test 1 Passage 1
题型技巧分析
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习
考试趋势分析和备考指导：
1. 判断题的练习和思路分析很必要，可回顾错题。配对题有减少的趋势。下场考试注意段落细节配对，heading题型要加强练习，下场考试中还会继续出现。summary及相关的填空题型是一直以来的热门，也是考生的拿分点，注重的是词性分析能力，需加强训练。 预警小题型：段落细节配对。
2. 下场考试的话题可能有关生物类、教育类、科技类。
3. 重点浏览2012年和2013年的机经。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容