一．一般现在时
1. 概念：表示经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2. 基本结构：
（1）主语+ be动词（is / am / are）+表语
（2）主语+ 行为动词的原形或单数第三人称形式+其他
（3）There be 句型：There is / are +n. +介词短语 is / are 根据n. 的单复数决定。
否定形式：
（1）am / is /are + not；
（2）谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don’t，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn’t，同时行为动词还原为原形。
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（3）There is / are not +n. +介词短语
一般疑问句：
（1）把is / am / are动词放于句首；
（2）用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时还原行为动词；
（3））There is / are +n. +介词短语: is / are动词放于句首。
3.标志性时间状语：
（1）on + 星期s = every 星期（2）once / twice/ three times a week (month / year …)
（3）频度副词always / usually / often / sometimes=at times= (every)once in a while / seldom / never（不绝对）
（4）in the mornings / afternoons / evenings = every morning / afternoon/ evening
4.用法：
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（1）表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。
如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
（2）表示客观真理，客观存在或科学事实。
如：The earth moves around the sun.
（3）表示格言或警句。
如：Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
如：Columbus proved that the earth is round.
（4）表示现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性等。
如：I don’t want so much.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
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（5）一般现在时表示将来含义
① come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
— When does the bus star?
— It stars in ten minutes.
② 在时间或条件状语句中。
如：When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
二．一般过去时
1. 概念：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作或行为。
2. 基本结构：
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（1）主语+ was / were +表语
（2）主语+ 行为动词的过去式 +其他
（3）There be 句型:There was / were +n. +介词短语
（4）主语+could+动词原形
（5）主语+used to do sth
否定形式：
（1）was / were + not；
（2）在行为动词前加didn’t，同时还原行为动词。
（3）There was / were not +n. +介词短语
（4）主语+could not +动词原形
（5）主语+used not to do sth或主语+didn’t use to do sth
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一般疑问句：
（1）was或were放于句首；
（2）用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词；
（3）There was / were +n. +介词短语:was或were放于句首；
（4）could放于句首；
（5）Used主语+ to do sth或Did+主语+use to do sth
3.时间状语：
（1）last 短语（2）时间段+ago （3）yesterday及yesterday短语
（4）at the age of = when sb. was+年龄（5）in one’s teens / twenties
（6）固定短语：just now=a moment ago, one day, from then on, at that time, the day before yesterday, before, long before, in the past , in the / early old days, in the ancient days, in the ancient + 国家，long long ago = once upon a time (故事的开头）
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4. 用法：
（1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
如：Where did you go just now?
（2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
注意：used to do sth“过去常常做某事”，表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
如：Mother used not to be so forgetful. 妈妈过去没这么健忘。
（3）用于时间状语从句
a. 由when 引导的时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时态，主句用过去进行时态。
如：His mother was cooking when he came back.
b. 由since/before 引导的时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时态，主句用现在完成时
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态。
如：I have made many friends since I came to China.
It has been/is 15 years since I was a teacher.
It has been/is 15 years before he knew it. 不知不觉15 年过去了。
c. 由when / by the time/ before引导的时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时态，主句用过去完成时态。
如：The plane had taken off when / by the time we arrived at the airport.
The Enlish class had begun before I got to school.
三．现在进行时
1. 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2. 基本结构：主语 + am / is /are + doing
否定形式：主语 + am / is / are + not + doing
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一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
3. 时间状语：
（1）now （2）at this time = at this / the moment （3）Look!/Look at …!
（4）Listen! / Listen to …!（5）these days / months / years（6）It is+ 时间点/日期/星期
4. 用法：
（1）表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。
如：We are waiting for you.
（2）表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
如：Mr Green is writing another novel. (说话时并不一定在写小说)
（3）表示动作的渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
如：The leaves are turning red.
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It’s getting warmer and warmer.
（4）与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
如：You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
（5）用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬间动词的现在进行时可以表示将来。
如：I’m leaving tomorrow.
四．过去进行时
1. 概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
2. 基本结构：主语 + was / were + doing
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否定形式：主语 + was / were + not + doing
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
3. 时间状语：
（1）at that time（2）at this time+过去的时间（3）It was+ 时间点/ 日期/ 星期(过去)
（4）from A时间 to B时间+过去的时间
4. 用法：
（1）过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。
如：We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
（2）过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。
如：What was she doing at nine o’clock yesterday? (介词短语表示时间点)
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She was doing her homework then. （副词表示时间点）
When I saw him he was decorating his room. (when从句表示时间点)
（3）在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。
如：When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (两个动作都是延续的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. （两个动作同时进行或主句的动作发生在从句的动作过程中）
五．一般将来时
1. 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2. 基本结构：
（1）主语 + am / is / are / going to do sth（2）主语 + will do sth
（3）主语 + am / is /are t to do sth （4）主语 + am / is /are about to do sth
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否定形式：
（1）主语 + am / is /are + not + going to do sth（2）主语 + will not（won’t） do sth
（3）主语 + am / is /are not t to do sth （4）主语 + am / is /are not about to do sth
一般疑问句：
（1）am / is / are放于句首；（2）will置于句首。
（3）am / is / are放于句首；（4）am / is / are放于句首；
2. 时间状语：
（1）tomorrow及其短语、 the day after tomorrow（2）next短语
（3）固定短语：one day, someday = some day, in the future, from now / today on, before long, sometime, in +时间段(多长时间之后), in following+ 时间段
4. will主要用于以下三个方面：
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（1）表示主观意愿的将来。
如：They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.
（2）表示不以人的意志为转移的客观的将来。
如：Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.
He will be thirty years old this time next year.
（3）表示临时决定，通常用于对话中。
— Mary has been ill for a week.
— Oh, I didn’t know. I will go and see her.
5. be going to主要用于以下两个方面：
（1）表示事先经过考虑、打算、计划要做某事。
如：Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.
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今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。
（2）表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生，表示推测。
如：Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
6. 用于状语从句
由when /as soon as / begore / after 等引导的时间状语从句或者if, unless, as/ so long as 引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时态或从句为祈使句，再或者从句中含有情态动词，主句用一般将来时态。（可理解为主将从现、主祈从现、主情从现）
如：Don’t trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.
He will help you out whenever you have problems.
I won't go to the party unless I'm invited.
六．过去将来时
1. 概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
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2. 基本结构：
（1）主语 + was / were / going to do sth（2）主语 + would do sth
否定形式：
（1）主语 + was / were / not + going to do sth（2）主语 + would + not + do sth
一般疑问句：
（1）was或were放于句首；（2）would 提到句首。
3. 时间状语：the next day (morning, year), the following month (week)等。
4. 用法：
（1）“would + 动词原形”常表示主观意愿的将来。
如：He said he would come to see me. 他说他要来看我。
（2）“was / were + going to + 动词原形”常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。
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如：She said she was going to start off at once.
I was told that he was going to return home.
此结构还可表示根据某种迹象来看，很可能或即将发生的事情。
如：It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看来好像要下雨。
（3）come，go，leave，arrive，start等瞬时动词可用过去进行时表示过去将来的含义。
如：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
She told me she was coming to see me.
七．现在完成时
1. 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始持续到现在并且有可能继续下去的动作或状态。
3. 基本结构：主语 + have / has + done +其他
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否定形式：主语 + have / has + not +done +其他
一般疑问句：Have / Has +主语 + done +其他
4. 时间状语：
（1）already （用于肯定句）yet（否定句和一般疑问句）（2）just, ever, before, never
（3）so far=up to now = until / till now = by now（4）over/ in the past /last +时间段
（5）by + 时间（6）by the end of +现在的时间
（7）since +过去时间(如具体的年、月、日、钟点等，如：1980, last month, half past six)
（8） since +一段时间+ ago （9）recently = lately（10）in recent +时间段
5. 特殊用法：
（1）由since/before 引导的时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时态，主句用现在完成时态。
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如：I have made many friends since I came to China.
It has been/is 15 years since I was a teacher.
It has been/is 15 years before he knew it. 不知不觉15 年过去了。
（2）用于由that引导的定语从句中,先行词前有形容词的最高级修饰。
如：You’re the best teacher that has ever taught me.
6. 比较since和for
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间的长度。
如：We haven’t had any guests since we moved in here.
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
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7. 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：
leave --- be away from borrow --- keep buy --- have begin/start --- be on
die --- be dead finish --- be over open sth --- keep sth open
join --- be in+组织机构 或be a member of+组织机构
fall ill / asleep --- be ill / asleep get up---be up
catch / get a cold --- have a cold come here --- be here go there --- be there
become / get +adj.--- be+adj come back --- be back get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in)
get to know --- know go (get) out ---be out put on--- wear/ be in /be dressed in
八．过去完成时
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1. 概念：以过去某个时间为参照，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
2. 基本结构：主语 + had done +其他
否定形式：主语 + hadn’t done +其他
一般疑问句：had置于句首。
3. 时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month)等。
4. 用法：
（1）用于told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句中。
如：She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
（2）由when / by the time/ before引导的时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时态，主句用过去完成时态。
如：The plane had taken off when / by the time we arrived at the airport.
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The Enlish class had begun before I got to school.
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等用过去完成时表示“原本······，未能······”。
如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
注意： had hardly… when ... 刚······就······。
如：I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚······就······。
如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
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