动词不定式(the Infinitive)是非谓语动词中的一种。即是说,它不能单独充当谓语。但它在句中的作用却很广泛。可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语(或主语)补足语。不定式有两种形式:一种是带有小品词to的不定式(to do):另一种是不带to的不定式,也称适应症简单不定式(the plain infinitive)。它与动词原形完全一样。本文要论述的是后者,即省略to的动词不定式的用法。
一、在一般的助动词或情态动词(如do,will,shall,would,should,can,may,must,dare, need等)后面却不能省略to。如:
Would you like some drink?你要喝点什么吗?
He needn't go so soon.他不必这么快就走。
None of us dare climb trees.我们当中没人敢爬树。
Shall I turn on the light?要开灯吗?
二、带有复合宾语的某些感观动词或使役动词
(如make ,let ,watch/look at, notice ,see ,hear ,feel ,have ,listen to等)后面。在help后面的不定式可要to,也可省略to。如:
She felt tears swell behind her eyes. 她觉得眼泪快要涌出来了。
I heard soft padding steps approach. 我听见轻轻走来的脚步声。
He sometimes helps his mother(to) do the housework. 他有时帮妈妈做家务。
She listened to the rain patter on the windowpanes. 她倾听着雨水调皮敲打着玻璃窗。
如果上述句子改为被动语态,不定式即变成主语补足语,其小品词to不能省略。如:
Soft padding steps were heard to approach. 有人听见轻轻走来的脚步声。
三、表示强调的do ,does和did之后。如:
Do come earlier next time. 下次务必早点来。
He did phone you yesterday. 他昨天确实给你打过电话。
She does seldom go to the cinema. 她的确很少看电影。
四、动词go和come之后作状语。
不定式在动词 go 和 come之后作状语时,在某些情况下总是不带 to。这种用法在祈使句的go 和come之后最常见。如:
Go chase yourself!!走开,别来捣乱!
Come sit beside me. 坐到我旁边来。
在陈述句中也会出现这种用法,但一般在go 和come不发生形态变化的情况下才出现。如:
You should go thank him. 你应该去向他道谢。
五、个不定式由and , or 或than连接,用作句子一成分时,后面的不定式或省to。如:
I want you to sit beside me and read the letter to me. 我想要你坐在我旁边,读这封信给我听。
He hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 他简直哭笑不得。
It is better to persuade him than force him. 最好说服他,不要强迫他。
如果两个不定式有对比含义时,后面的不定式通常不省略to。如:
I don't know whether to go out with them or to stay alone. 我不知道是和他们出去还是独自留下。
六、介词but , except ,besides 和instead of 之后。当but , except , besides之前有一个实义动词do(助动词do及其变化形式除外)时,这后面的动词不定式不带to。此外,在can not but , can not choose but , can not help but 这三个固定用法中,but之后的不定式也不带to。如:
The enemy could not choose but surrender. 敌人只好投降。
I Could do nothing except agree to his terms. 我只好同意他的条件。
Can you do nothing but sell the wedding ring? 难道你非得把结婚戒指卖掉吗?
介词 instead of 前后的两个成分要相等。如果前面的成分是不定式,则后面的不定式不带to。如:
He went to play football instead of see a film. 他去踢足球而不是去看电影。
七、would(had) as soon , had better , had best (不常用),need hardly 等之后。如:
You had better not smoke. 你最好别抽烟。
I'd just as soon come tomorrow. 我宁愿明天来。
I needn't hardly tell you how serious the mater is. 我简直不必告诉你事情有多严重。
八、某些惯用法中,than之后的不定式不带to , 如:do nothing else than ,do more (lees)than ,do vno more than ,would (had) sooner than ,would rather than 等。
I would rather not see him .我倒希望不见他。
The old worker often does more than fulfill his quota. 这位老工人总是超额完成他的定额。
To save her hour , she would (had )sooner starve than beg.为了保全面子,她宁愿饿决不乞讨。
1.A .J. Thomson :A P
九、一些表示诅咒或祝愿的虚拟语气中,也用不带to 的不定式。如:
God damn you. 该死的!
God bless you .愿上帝保佑你。
Long live the people!人民万岁!
十、why引导的省略问句中。
口语中,不带to的不定式常在why 引导的省略句中作谓语。表示不同意或反驳的意见。
Why not give her another chance ?为什么不再给她一个机会?
Why bother ? 费这心干吗?
Why not do it yourself ?干吗不自己做?
十一、make ,hear ,let ,go构成惯用语时,常用省略to不定式。如:
make believe (do ),lit be
(pass ,go ,slip,fly,ive,slide,fall,hearsay(tell,talk,speak),go tch(hang)等。
Can't you make do with 10 pounds ? 10英磅不可以凑和着用吗?
They let ship the good chance . 他们错过了那次好机会。
Have you ever heard tell of such things ? 你有没有听人说起这种事情?
The children made believe that they were generals.孩子们假扮成将军。
十二、作主语或系动词后面的表语,并扩展do的含义时,如:
Turn off the light was all I did. 我只是把灯关了。
All she does is complain . 她就知道抱怨。
The only thing he did in class was nod in sleep . 他上课时就知道打瞌睡。
What I'm going to do is teach him a lesson. 我要做的是教训他一顿。
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