《全新版大学英语综合教程3》课后练习答案
Unit 1
Part II Text A
Text Organization P.10
1. Parts, Paragraphs and Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-3 The writer views his life in the country as a self-reliant and
satisfying one.
Part Two Paras 4-7 Life in the country is good yet sometimes very hard.
Part Three Paras 8-11 After quitting his job, the writer's income was reduced, but he
and his family were able to manage to get by.
Part Four Paras 12-15 A tolerance for solitude and a lot of energy have made it
possible for the family to enjoy their life in the country.
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2. Happy Moments and Events:
1) growing nearly all their fruits and vegetables
2) canoeing, picnicking, long bicycle rides, etc.
3) keeping warm inside the house in winter
4) writing freelance articles
5) earning enough money while maintaining a happy family life
Hardships:
1) working hard both in winter and in summer
2) harsh environment and weather condition
3) anxious moments after the writer quit his job
4) cutting back on daily expenses
5) solitude
Vocabulary P.14
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I
1.1) insurance 2) On balance 3) aside from 4) cut back 5) resist
6) haul 7) supplemented 8) sprayed 9) wicked 10) illustrated
11) budget 12) digest 13) boundary 14) get by 15) at that point
2. 1) cut back / down 2) pick up 3) get by 4) get through
5) face up to 6) turn in 7) turning out 8) think up
3.
1) While farming, Benneker pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy.
2) Misused words often generate misleading thoughts.
3) Lafayette Hotel is patronized by international celebrities drawn to its French food
and service.
4) A person who thinks that money will do everything may well be suspected of doing
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everything for money.
5) A person surely has to face a good many bitter disappointments before he gets
through life.
4.
1) Seeing that more and more people are concerned about the quality of their indoor environments, John is considering starting an interior decoration business. It seems certain to earn a profit, but he does not yet have enough money to invest in it. 2) This device is primarily used for the improvement of the sound quality of electronic media. It was invented in the US, but now it is used on a global scale.
3) When the first settlers came to America, their household utensils consisted of a few pots, pans and some bowls stacked in one corner of the house. There wasn't much material temptation around them. They never dined out in a restaurant as we often do nowadays.
II. Confusable Words
1. 1) house 2) Home 3) home, family 4) household
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2. 1) doubt 2) suspected 3) doubted 4) suspected 5) suspect
III. Word Formation
1) rise 2) final 3) regular 4) cash 5) hows, whys
6) upped 7) yellowed 8) bottled 9) lower 10) search
Structure
1.1) when it comes to changing your life
2) when it comes to such matters as keeping the room tidy
3) when it comes to emotional intelligence
4) when it comes to managing minor matters
2. 1) Not everyone agrees on what is right and what is wrong
2) but, unfortunately, money isn’t everything
3) not all Americans like them
4) Not all people share the same interests
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Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A) 1. gets by 2. temptation 3. get through 4. picked up
5. improvements 6. aside from 7. suspect 8. supplement
9. profit 10. primarily 11. spraying 12. stacking
(B)1. While 2. escape 3. begin 4. Because/As 5. quit 6. start
7. on 8. but (also) 9. be 10. close 11. have 12. cutting
13. cook/prepare 14. cities 15. however 16. family
II. Translation
A decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened/set up a household equipment store in her neighborhood. People like Nancy made the decision primarily because of/owing to/due to their desire to improve the quality of their lives.
But, to run a small business is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut back on her daily expenses. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premiums for the various kinds of insurance she
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needed. Once she could not even pick up the phone bill and had to ask her parents to loan her some money.
Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life.
Part III Text B
Comprehension Check
l. a 2. c 3.d 4. b 5. a 6. c
Translation (JE Appendix III)
Language Practice
1. In addition 2. roast 3. percentage 4. entertainment 5. cable
6. at one time 7. get along 8. missed out on 9. whip up 10. as a result
11. commute 12. rent 13. taken over 14. make sense 15. mushroomed
16. go with 17. fried 18. dizzy 19. array 20. gasped
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Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
Recent Changes in Chinese Family Life
Great changes have taken place in Chinese family life in the past twenty years. In my parents’ words, the difference between their childhood and mine is as vast as that between heaven and earth.
When my parents were young, there was no TV, no computers nor any other electronic appliances in their home. Their food was simple and their clothing plain. What is unbelievable to young people today is that they seldom dined out in a restaurant, or traveled to a scenic spot for a holiday.
In contrast to family life one generation ago, each family in China today has at least one TV set and many have been equipped with telephones, computers, even cars. While the senior members of a family watch films on TV at home, the younger members like to play computer games or talk to their friends who may live thousands of miles from them.
The changes in Chinese family life mirror the economic development of our country. Without the prosperity of the whole country, our family life would probably be just the same as before. Times have changed, and changed, most would surely agree with me, for the better. (194 words)
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Unit 2
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
The song you are going to listen to is called Abraham, Martin & John, sung by Dion.
Abraham, Martin & John
Dion
Has anybody here,
Seen my old friend Abraham,
Can you tell me, where he's gone,
He freed a lotta people,
But it seems the good die young,
I just loohed around,
And he's gone,
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Has anybody here,
Seen my old friend John,
Can you tell me, where he's gone,
He freed a lotta people,
But it seems the good die young,
I just loohed around,
And he' s gone,
Has anybody here,
Seen my old friend Martin,
Can you tell me, where he's gone,
He freed a lotta people,
But it seems the good die young,
I just looked around,
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And he's gone,
Didn't you love the things they stood for,
Didn't they try to find some good for you and me,
And we'll he free,
Someday soon it's gonna be one day,
Has anybody here,
Seen my old friend Bothy,
Can you tell me, where he's gone,
I thought I saw him walhin' up over the hill, With Ahrah am, Martin and John.
The unit we are going to study is all about civil-rights heroes. The song you have just heard is about four of them. Can you guess who they are? All are American. All are dead, all, as the song says, \"gone\". How about Abraham? Dion says he freed a lot of people. That's one clue. Another comes when she quotes the proverb: \"the good die young.\" So it seems Abraham died young. My guess is Dion has in mind Abraham Lincoln, the American president who freed the slaves and was assassi¬nated. How about John, another leader who helped people to free themselves? He too died young. Can you guess who it might be? President John F.
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Kennedy seems most likely. He too supported civil rights. He too died young, assassinated like Lincoln.
Now who could Martin be? Another civil-rights leader who died young, once again assassi¬nated. A great speaker comes to mind. Who do you think? Martin Luther King, surely. And finally, Bobby. Bobby who? Probably Dion is thinking of Bobby Kennedy, John Kennedy's brother, another supporter of civil rights. He was running for president when, like his brother before him, he too was gunned down.
Part II Text A
Text Organization
1.
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-5 It is high time to honor the heroes who helped liberate slaves by forging the Underground Railroad in the early civil-rights struggles in America.
Part Two Paras 6-23 By citing examples the author praises the exploits of civil-rights heroes who helped slaves travel the Un¬derground Railroad to freedom.
2. Story 1 (Paras 6-10): After winning his own freedom from slavery, John
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Parker helped other
slaves to escape north to Canada to get freedom.
Story 2 (Paras 11-15): Supported by a strong religious conviction, the white man Levi Coffin helped black slaves to escape at huge risk to himself.
Story 3 (Paras 16-23): By traveling the Underground Railroad, Josiah Henson reached his desti¬nation and became free at last.
Vocabulary
I. 1. 1) decades 2) historic
3) imposed 4) racial
5) slender 6) closing in on
7) settlement 8) site
9) mission 10) authorized
11) terminal 12) make the best of
13) exploits 14) religious
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15) on the side
2. 1) pass for 2) stood up for
3) laid down 4) take on
5) let (us) down 6) draw on
7) come up 8) given up
3. 1) The Europeans are fully confident that the Americans will not be able to justify their measures to protect the struggling American steel industry.
2) Clinton is, in the eyes of Joe Klein, staff writer of the New Yorker and author of The Natural, the most talented politician of his generation and the most compelling.
3) There's not much you can do if people are really intent on destroying themselves with drugs.
4) A different experience of the world could forge a completely different approach to life.
5) It is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run.
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4. 1) As for the protection of these endangered species, many countries do not compel fisher-men to report accidental capture of small cetaceans (H § %}$}) in their nets, so significant catches may go unnoticed for years. To deal with this problem, animal protectionists have forged an international alliance. On the other hand they have urged the United Nations to lay down more specific laws to save these animals.
2) It was reported that food supplies would soon run out and most of the victims of the earthquake would starve to death. At huge risk, a group of volunteers from the Red Cross took on the mission to transport food, clothes and medicine to the most seriously hit areas.
3) A rally was going to be held in honor of the 16th US President Abraham Lincoln who abolished slavery in 1863 and liberated the slaves in the South. In the eyes of many African-Americans, Lincoln was America's greatest president thanks to his outstanding exploits.
II. Words with Multiple Meanings
1. I'll tell you about my research project in a minute, but first let's hear about your French trip.
2. Most McDonald's look almost the same on the outside, but actually there are about 16 different basic designs.
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3. Loaning money from the banks is but one of the methods we can use to get through a financial crisis.
4. This second-hand car has been nothing but trouble; it's always breaking down.
5. In your resume you've mentioned everything but one vital point.
6. Our technicians have discovered a simple but effective solution to the problem.
7. I am sorry, but I think you shouldn't have delayed your homework.
8. The bankruptcy of the company was not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance.
III. Usage
1. lonely 2. friendly
3. weekly, monthly 4. lovely
5. cowardly 6. kindly / saintly
7. lively 8. motherly
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Structure
1. 1) A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.
2) Thus encouraged, we made a still bolder plan for the next year.
3) Our government has banned imports of cosmetics containing animal products from 18 countries, mostly in Europe, for fear that they could cause mad cow disease.
4) Having graduated from St. Mary's College, Joyce applied to the University of California at Los Angeles.
2. 1) Often it is in overcoming hardships that we come to appreciate the value of life.
2) Some scientists believe that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and farmers' incomes, reduce prices and help combat hunger and disease in the developing countries.
3) With repeated hackers' attacks on our system, we have come to realize the necessity of hiring a computer-security expert.
4) Having conducted some surveys in Chinese kindergartens, Howard Gardner came to understand that the Chinese preferred \"teaching by holding the hand\".
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Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1. Underground 2. forged 3. stand up 4. transport
5. compelled 6. convictions 7. liberating 8. mission
9. abolish 10. intent on 11. risk
(B)
1. who 2. the 3. along 4. in 5. that 6. through 7. not 8. as
9. referred 10. escape 11. where 12. If 13. in 14. even
15. until 16. instead 17. as
II. Translation
Henson's painful life as a slave strengthened his determination to struggle for freedom. Shortly after he achieved freedom he became a member of an organization that assisted fugitive slaves. He secretly returned to the United States from Canada several times to help others to travel the Underground Railroad to
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freedom. Once some slave catchers closed in on the escaping slaves and Henson when they were on the run. He disguised them and successfully avoided capture. In addition, later he built a small settlement in Dresden in Canada for escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school where they could learn useful ways of making a living. He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, all the slaves would be liberated, and the day was bound to come when discrimination no longer existed.
Part III Text B
Comprehension Check
1. a 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. b
Translation
(#J& Appendix III)
Language Practice
1. remarkable 2. commitment 3. flourish 4. resulted from
5. grave 6. In the midst of 7. enforce 8. recovery
9. guarantee 10. remedy 11. discriminate 12. with each passing day
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racial
13. unlike 14. subjected to 15. at best 16. plays up
17. come a long way 18. do well 19. against all the odds 20. In this context
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
The Civil-Rights Movement in the U.S.
Black Africans were first brought as slaves to what was to become the United States in the seventeenth century. Slavery was strongest in the South, where large plantations grew cotton, tobacco, and other crops. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, a growing demand for cotton led to an increase in the demand for slaves in the region. Slavery was less profitable in the North, however, and much of the opposition to slavery came from the northern states. The tension between the North and the South over the issue of slavery led to the Civil War in 1861.
With the victory of the North, slavery was abolished. Discrimination, however, did not end. Black Americans were treated as second class citizens, especially in the South. Dissatisfaction with unfair treatment eventually led to the civil rights protests of the 1950s and 1960s that brought about government action aimed at reducing discrimination.
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As a result, African Americans have come a long way in the last fifty years, but they still find themselves at a disadvantage in comparison with Americans of European descent. Only 17 per cent of the black population are able to finish higher education, in contrast to 28 per cent of whites. Incomes for the average white family were just over $44,000 in 1999. For an average black family, however, the figure was in the region of $25,000. Not one of the chief executive officers of the top 500 companies is black.
Anyway, the civil-rights movement in the U.S. still has a long way to go.
(254 words)
Unit 3
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
The song you are about to hear is all about a \"Saturday Night Special\". Listen and see if you can guess what a Saturday Night Special is.
Saturday Night Special
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Two feets1 they come a-creepin' 2 Like a black cat do. Ana two bodies are
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layin' naked, Creeper thinks lie's got nothin' to lose.
So he creeps into the house, yean, And unlocks the door, And as a man's reachin' for his trousers Snoots him full or 38 holes.
It's the Saturday Night Special, Got a barrel that's blue and cold. Ain't no good for nothing4 But put a man six feet in a hole.
Big Jim's keen a-drinkin' whiskey, And playin' poker on a losin' night,
1 Two feets: Normally we say two feet.
2 a-creepin: in the state of creeping, \"a-\or process of.
3 38 refers to a 38 calibre (P S) handgun or pistol.
4 Ain't no good for nothing: a non-standard way of saying \"They are good for nothing\"
And pretty soon ol' Jim starts thinkin' Somebody's been cheatin' and lyin' .
So big Jim commenced to fightin'1,
I wouldn't tell you no lies.
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big Jim done pulled his pistol,
Snot his friend right between the eyes.
It's the Saturday Night Special, Got a barrel that's blue and cold. Ain't no good for nothin' But put a man six feet in a hole.
On, that's a Saturday Night Special,
For twenty dollars you can buy yourself one, too.
Hand guns are made for till in , They ain't no good for nothin' else. And if you like to drink your whiskey You might even shoot yourself.
So why don't we dump'em people To the bottom of the sea Before some ol' fool come around here, Wanna shoot either you or me.
It's the Saturday night special
You got a barrel that's blue and cold
You ain't good for nothin'
But put a man six feet in a bole.
It's the Saturday night special
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And I'd like to tell you what you could do with it
And that's the end of the song.
The unit we are going to study, like the song you have just heard, is all about the threat of crime. It starts with a burglar creeping into a house at night. The couple in the house have gone to bed as the song says. Despite creeping the burglar must have awoken the man, for he is getting up, \"reachin' for his trousers\when the burglar shoots him several times, \"full of holes\".
1 So big Jim commenced to fightin': Normally we say \"Big Jim commenced to fight or commenced fighting\".
Which brings us to the \"Saturday Night Special\a handgun. Despite calling it by such a familiar name, it's clear the singer has no time for the handgun. He sings of it as being good for nothing but sending people to their grave, putting a man down \"six feet in a hole\".
From the dangers of burglars with guns, the singer moves on to how dangerous guns can be when drinking leads to violence. We hear the story of Big Jim, the gambler. As he gets drunk, Big Jim starts to suspect he is losing at cards because others are cheating. He gets into an argument and reaches for his Saturday Night Special. He shoots his friend \"right between the eyes\".
Pistols in America are cheap at just twenty dollars, but the singer warns
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against having one. Those foolish enough to do so are not only a danger to others, but also a danger to themselves, for, as he sings, \"if you like to drink your whiskey, you may even shoot yourself.\"
Part II Text A
Text Organization
1. 1) Doors are not left unlocked either in cities or in rural areas.
2) Dead-bolt locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and trip wires are widely in use.
3) Suburban families have steel bars built in sliding glass doors.
4) Small notices warning against burglary are commonly seen pasted on the windows of the most pleasant of homes.
5) Access cards are required of those who work with medium to large-size companies.
6) Airport security uses electronic X-ray equipment to guard against terrorism.
7) Businessmen employ new machines linked up to their telephone to help determine whether the caller is telling lies or not.
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8) Suburban housewives wear rape whistles on their key chains.
2.
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-3 In America, the era of leaving the front door on the latch has drawn to a close.
Part Two Paras 4-15 A new atmosphere of fear and distrust has crept into every aspect of daily life. As a result, security devices, in varied forms, are put to use.
Part Three Paras 16-19
By locking our fears out, we become prisoners of our own making.
Vocabulary
I. 1.1) tranquil
3) by a small margin
5) rural
7) era
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9) without so much as
11) barricaded
13) error
15) Bathed in
2. 1) bring about
3) cut off
5) wear (the other) down
7) put up
2) analyze
4)civilize
6)closed up
8)paste
10)sideways
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12)hook up to
14)chart
2) looked back on
4) fit into
6) lies in
8) stand for
3. 1) A certain gene which is likely to make people vulnerable to asthma has been found by
researchers at the Department of Clinical Medicine in Oxford.
2) A wardrobe with mirrored doors had to be built in so as to make their small bedroom look larger.
3) The NBC show's opening shots feature the space shuttle Challenger blowing up in January 1986—killing all seven crew.
4) Colds can be held at bay by increasing your intake of fruit and vegetables which are both low in calories and rich in Vitamin C.
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5) Energy difficulties are a major barrier to the country's economic growth due to the fact that imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange / because imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange.
4. 1) Jacob looked back on his summer holidays spent on the Big Island of Hawaii with its beautiful landscape and tranquil atmosphere as a rare escape from the madness of urban life.
2) I was puzzled by the word \"e-mail\" when I came across it for the first time years ago. \"What is an e-mail? What on earth does the letter 'e' here stand for?\" I asked myself. Later, I got to know that e-mail is a system for communicating messages by electronic rather than physical means.
3) Mr. Smith has, over the years, established his name as a successful used-car dealer in the minds of local people. He places regular though small advertisements in newspapers featuring affordable second-hand cars, vans and trucks. At the back of his premises he owns a used-car lot (停车场) which faces a deserted street.
II. Collocation
1. away 2. inside/in
3. forward/through 4. back
5. off 6. home
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7. back, down 8. in, out
III. Usage
1. Internet is not such an unusual word as it used to be.
2. Most men do not look unattractive in them.
3. Wealthy as she is, she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemployment.
4. This claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city's violent crimes.
5. His poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life.
Structure
1.1) It never occurred to me to ask him what was intended by that remark. I thought he was just joking.
2) It occurred to me that the names of their children—Rose, Lily and Daisy—were the names of flowers.
3) When he heard her say so, it occurred to him that for convenience he also could contact the local travel agency and ask them to take care of everything.
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4) Has it never occurred to you that the problems in the Middle East are complicated and difficult to solve?
2.1) If they don't agree to work extra hours for no extra pay, chances are that they will be dismissed.
2) Research is being carried out on the disease and progress is being made at present. Chances are that there will be a cure within the next ten years.
3) If you are eating lots of fatty food, chances are that you'll put on several pounds in a matter of weeks.
4) He left his office an hour ago but hasn't got home yet. Chances are that he's got stuck in a traffic jam.
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1. Statistics
3. era
5. on the latch
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7. barriers
9. electronic
11. puzzle
(B)
1. worse / scarier
3. Yes / True
5. from
7. every
9. say
11. chances
13. when
15. Don't
2. rural
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4. stood for
6. vulnerable
8. at bay
10. reflection
12. civilized
2. tougher / harder
4. barricading
6. not
8. However
10. back / at bay
12. Therefore
14. leave
16. head/brains
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II. Translation
A burglary is reported every 15 seconds in the United States. Statistics show burglars entered more than 2 million homes last year. Actually it is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. All you can do is discourage him for a few minutes, thus exposing him to police patrols or those wandering around. Common sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. A light should be fixed in the doorway and switched on at night. Believe it or not, some people, particularly children who happen to be the last to come in, leave their doors on the latch at night. Doors of hollow core, even when locked, are vulnerable to break-ins. Thus doors of solid core or steel are much preferred as they make it difficult for the burglar to pry open. If you decide to buy an alarm device, be sure to ask for its signs and put them up on both windows and doors. Finally, a word of warning—when you travel, make sure that you have a trusted neighbor collect and keep all the deliveries of newspapers and mail until you return. This is because a collection of newspapers and mail on the front doorstep or in your mailbox is an advertisement that no one is home.
Part III Text B
Comprehension Check
1. b
3. b 5. a
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2. b 4. d 6. d
translation
(#JE Appendix III)
Language Practice
1. impact
3. draw the line at 5. circumstance
7. take the plunge
9. aggressive
11. advocated
13. departed
15. target
17. head for
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19. on the line
2. inflicted
4. recommend
6. break into
8. conclude / have concluded 10. confirm
12. insure
14. in our favor
16. count on
18. Under no circumstances 20. aimed at
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
Why We Are against Gun Control
Should Americans oppose gun control? Of course we should. The gun is the great equalizer. It does not matter whether you are a big tough man or a small frail
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woman. With a gun in your hand you stand at the same height.
What's more, it is the foundation of our nation. Without it there would be no Republic as it is, for we would never have been able to drive the Indians off the land without shooting so many of them down. Nor would the West have been won. Who would have dared venture into lands unprotected by the law if they had not been able to protect themselves with a gun? The spirit of our nation thrives on aggressive individuals who are ready to stand up for themselves and to fight for their rights. Look at our films. What do we enjoy watching? People shooting one another. True, children occasionally get hold of guns and slaughter their classmates. But if only their classmates had been properly armed, they could have fought back. It was gun control that left them defenseless.
(184 words)
Unit 4
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
Every child likes listening to stories. Zoe, a girl with wings, is no exception. Listen carefully and see what story her father is going to tell her.
\"Now, Zoe, stop fluttering around, and I will tell you a story.\"
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\"A true story, papa?\"
\"It all happened exactly as I'm going to tell you. Two thousand and eleven years ago in 1985, a tribe of beings from the Dog Star invaded Earth. They were called An-vils.\"
\"And what did these beings look like, father?\"
\"Like humans in many, many respects. They each had two arms, two legs, and all the other organs that humans are endowed with. But they also had a pair of wings and long, purple tails.\"
\"How many of these beings were there?\"
\"Exactly three million and forty-one male adults and three female adults. In five weeks' time these creatures were the masters of the entire globe.\"
\"Didn't the Earthlings fight back?\"
\"The humans warred against the invaders, using bullets, ordinary bombs, super-atom bombs and gases.\"
\"What were those things like, father?\"
\"Oh, they passed out of existence long ago. The humans fought each other with such things.\"
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\"And not with ideas, like we do now?\"
\"No, with guns, just as I told you. But the weapons couldn't harm the invaders. Then the humans tried bacteria against the Star beings.\"
\"What were those things?\"
\"Tiny bugs that the humans tried to inject into the bodies of the invaders to make them sicken and die. But the bugs had no effect at all on the An-vils. You must know, these newcomers were more intelligent than the Earthlings. In fact, they were the greatest mathematicians in the Milky Way.\"
\"Then, father, the invaders killed off all the Earthlings?\"
\"Not all. They killed many, but many others were enslaved.\"
\"Then everything was peaceful on Earth?\"
\"For a little while. Then, some of the most daring of the humans, led by a man named Knowall, escaped into the interior of Greenland. This Knowall was a psychiatrist and he figured out a way to rid the earth of the An-vils.\"
\"How, papa?\"
\"He filled these An-vils with human emotions, such as love, hate, ambition, jealousy, envy, despair, hope, fear, shame and so on. Very soon terrible civil wars
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wiped out two-thirds of the An-vil population.\"
\"Then the An-vils finally killed off each other?\"
\"Almost, until among them a being named Zalibar preached the brotherhood of all An-vils. The invaders quickly quit their quarrels, and the Earthlings were even more enslaved.\"
\"Oh, papa, weren't Knowall and his followers awfully sad about it?\"
\"For a while. Then Knowall came up with the final way. He filled the An-vils with homesick¬ness.\"
\"Oh, wasn't Knowall smart? That meant, the An-vils were all filled with the desire to fly back to the Star from where they had started.\"
\"Exactly. So, one day, at a given signal, all the An-vils rose up from Earth.\"
\"So then all the An-vils flew away from Earth?\"
\"Not all. There were two child An-vils, one male and one female, aged two years, who had been born on Earth. They flew up too, but when they reached the upper limits of the atmosphere, they hesitated, turned tail and fluttered back to Earth. Their names were Zizzo and Zizza.\"
\"And what happened to Zizzo and Zizza, papa?\"
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\"Well, they were also great mathematicians. So, they multiplied.\"
\"Oh, papa,\" laughed Zoe, flapping her wings excitedly, \"that was a very nice story!\"
Part II Text A
Text Organization 1.
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-3 The narrator claims that no extraterrestrials will ever land on earth.
Part Two Paras 4-48 The narrator gives an account of his encounter with
extraterrestrials, making it clear why he claims that they will return no more.
2.
Sections Paragraphs Main Plots
Section One Paras 4-5 (before the E.T.'s arrival)Bart got quite irritable be¬=cause of his complicated tax form.
Section Two Paras 6-11 (the landing of the flying saucer) The narrator was
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shocked at the sight of a flying saucer landing on Earth and two men getting out of it, while Bart didn't notice it at all.
Section Three Paras 12-34 (the meeting with the E.T.) Unaware of the guests' identity and caught up with his tax form, Bart talked to the guests with an impatient and sarcastic tone and turned down their request rudely. Their conversation ended with the guests' promise of not coming back.
Section Four Paras 35-48 (after the E.T.'s departure) After the E.T. left, the narrator got mad at Bart because of his irrational attitude to the guests. Bart didn't realize his stupid error until it was too late.
Vocabulary
I. 1.1) rocket 2) garbage
3) knock off 4) complicated
5) locality 6) cursed
7) came around 8) deputy
9) heave 10) caught sight of
11) arrangement 12) blinked
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13) isolated 14) disabled
15) regardless of
2. 1) work out 2) passed away
3) go for 4) send for (the doctor)
5) knocked down 6) called on (me)
7) turned down 8) came up with
3. 1) \"We want to put the government at your service, giving you what you've paid for,\" said
the incoming president at the inauguration.
2) The doctors are keeping the patient under close observation on account of her critical condition.
3) Apparently the solution to this complicated technical problem is even beyond the wits of the skilled technicians.
4) No two zebras are alike in the details of their black and white lines though they all seem to have the same appearance.
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5) I'm really bugged by her persistent complaining about her routine life, soaring prices, the polluted surroundings, and the like.
4. 1) Charlotte has just finished a piece of fiction for the science column of a local weekly newspaper. It is about a group of extraterrestrials with keen wits and great strength. They can solve complicated problems and knock down buildings effortlessly. And their appearance on Earth changes the whole mode of life of human beings.
2) To my father, retirement doesn't mean isolating himself from society. As a veteran doctor, he has worked out a plan to promote the health of the public and makes supreme efforts to fulfill it. On account of his superb medical capability and kindness, he is respected by old and young alike in the community.
3) Mike's mother is really bugged by her son's attitude to learning. When she is keeping an eye on him, he makes like he is going over his class notes. Once he is left alone, he will
112-
Appendix 1
either be hooked on computer games or simply go to bed. Maybe it is time she adopted a more effective approach to his education.
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II. Usage
1. high
3. deep
5. steady
2. easy
4. real
6. funny
III. Word Formation
Abbreviation
Full Term
Chinese Meaning
WTO World Trade Organization世界贸易组织
GDP gross domestic product国内生产总值
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ATM automated teller machine自动出纳机
VAT value-added tax增值税
CAD computer aided design计算机辅助设计
IT information technology信息技术
IDD international direct dial国际直拨电话
MTV musical television音乐电视
Radar radio detecting and ranging雷达
IOC International Olympic Committee国际奥委会
VIP very important person大人物
laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光
CPU central processing unit中央处理器
Structure
1. 1) Bernard was believed to have been killed in a car-bomb attack a year and a half ago.
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2) As a freshman, Jane is so curious about university life that she wants to be involved in all kinds of campus activities.
3) What worries us most is that little seems to have been done to remedy the trade deficit.
4) He got to the railway station only to be told that the train had already left.
2. 1) His opponent having gained a lead of almost 60,000 votes, the candidate publicly admitted that he had lost his election bid.
2) All the guests having left his house, the host kicked off his shoes and stretched out on the couch.
3) His voice (being) almost drowned by the big noise from the audience, the speaker had to stop his lecture.
4) The roads being wet and slippery after the heavy rain, I drove very carefully.
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1. deputy
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3. on account of
5. go over
7. nationality
9. locality
11. garbage
(B)
1. with
3. at
5. from
7. However
9. figured/found 11. conducted
13. at
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15. but
17. so
2. complicated
4. caught sight of
6. appearance
8. isolated
10. organization
12. leave... alone
2. buried / drowned / lost
4. away
6. sign
8. later
10. aliens
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12. None
14. times
16. like
II. Translation
The extraterrestrial has been a topic of interest to experts and laymen / nonprofessionals alike. Researchers of various nationalities and organizations are adopting different modes of investigation in search of extraterrestrials. Some make a close observation of stars with extremely high levels of rare, radioactive elements. They believe those elements have resulted from extraterrestrial technology that is still beyond human wits to understand. Some try to isolate radio signals from the \"noise\" of the universe. And some claim that they have caught sight of extraterrestrials and can even describe their appearance in detail. Researchers work up the complicated data they collect into a series of reports and books. Although no definite answer has yet been found, the explorers' hope shows no sign of fading out on account of their frustrations and they hold to the belief that their hard efforts will prove worthwhile.
Part III Text B
Comprehension Check
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l. d 3. c 5. b
2. d 4. b 6. c
Translation
Language Practice
1. detect 2. reliable / stable
3. take ... for granted
5. orbiting
7. in connection with
9. existence
11. For one thing
13. in the process of 15. disposed of
17. true of
19. For instance
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4. stable
6. in theory
8. evolution
10. capable
12. in other words
14. endure
16. is apt to
18. universe
20. in particular
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
Pressing Problems on Our Planet I Wish to Discuss with Extraterrestrials
Since the visitors could travel such long distances from Venus to our planet, their society must be far better developed and advanced than ours. Therefore, why
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not, I think, take advantage of their visit and ask for their advice about how to solve some of the most pressing problems we confront here on earth?
The number one issue on my list is global warming which is said to be caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. According to the World Meteorological Organization, global warming could increase the Earth's average surface temperature by as much as 5° F(3° C) by 2070. Such a warm planet would lead to a sea-level rise of 6 to 38 inches and consequently would give rise to more floods or droughts, which in turn could finally empty our breadbaskets.
Another urgent issue is the rapid exhaustion of the earth's natural resources.
Nowadays human society, especially in the developed countries, is what we might call a \"throw-away\" society. Lunch boxes, beverage containers, chopsticks, or even cameras, are just disposed of as garbage after being used only once. It is reported that to produce 100,000 pairs of chopsticks consumes as many as 17 full-grown trees. Yet to grow a tree of considerable size usually takes tens of years. Unfortunately we have grown used to all this without so much as bothering to ask ourselves: Are there inexhaustible natural resources on Earth for us to waste like this generation after generation?
These are the things that worry me most. Do our extraterrestrial visitors have the same problems as we do? Could they show us how to solve them?
(269 words)
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Unit 5
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
To begin with, let's listen to a song called There 's No Place Like Home for the Holidays.
There's No Place Like Home for the Holidays
Perry Como
On, there's no place like home for the holidays 'Cause no matter how far away your roam If you long lor the sunshine and a friendly gaze For the holidays you can't heat home sweet home
I met a man who lived in Tennessee t
And he was looking for
Pennsylvania and some homemade pumpkin pie
Now in Pennsylvania folks are traveling
Down to Dixie's sunny shore
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The Atlantic to Pacific
Ok, the season is terrific
Oh, there's no place like home for the holidays
For the holidays you can't heat home sweet home
Perry Como has a very fine, silky voice. Just the sort of voice one needs for a sentimental song full of familiar phrases such as \"there's no place like home\" and \"home sweet home\". It sounds as if he is singing about Thanksgiving, as he sings of \"homemade pumpkin pie\a traditional dish for the Thanksgiving holiday. Thanksgiving for Americans is much like the Spring Festival for us, a time when families try to get back together. In America people often travel many miles to get back to their hometown, whether it's from north to south, \"Pennsylvania ... down to Dixie\" (Dixie is a traditional name for the American South) or from east to west, \"the Atlantic to Pacific.\"
Part II Text A
Text Organization
l. Part Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-9 On Thanksgiving Day 1943, as a young coastguardsman at sea, the writer came up with the idea of expressing his gratitude to people who
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had helped him before.
Part Two Paras 10-16 The writer wrote three thank-you letters to his father, the Rev. Nelson and his grandmother.
Part Three Paras 17-23 The writer got three letters in reply.
Part Four Paras 24-26 The writer wishes everyone to find the good and praise it.
Correspondents Letters Sent Letters Received
Father Thanks him for teaching the writer from boyhood to love books and reading. Tells the writer how he, as a teacher and a father as well, felt content with his own son.
The Rev. Nelson Thanks him for his morning school prayers.
Tells the writer about his retirement coupled with self-doubt, and the reassurance brought to him by the writer's letter.
Grandmother Thanks her for teaching the writer how to tell the truth, to share and to be forgiving, and for her good cooking and her sprinkling the writer's life with Stardust.
Expresses her loving gratefulness to her grandson.
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Vocabulary
I. 1. 1) sprinkled 2) in turn
3) reversed 4) repay
5) at sea 6) on your behalf
7) statement 8) specific
9) got to 10) in secret
11) unloaded 12) accord
13) weep 14) quote
15) under way
2. 1) came across 2) make out
3) hope for 4) turns (it) over
5) put away 6) brings back
7) got to 8) go about
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3. 1) As supplies of traditional fuels diminish, people are working to increase the use of solar
energy.
2) Happiness will never come to those who fail to appreciate what they already have.
3) While it is true that children of today are exposed to more information than were children of the past, it does not follow that they automatically become more sophisticated.
4) Since she borrowed those books from the library she has been immersed in British history and culture.
5) Everything changed in a flash on June 1, 2000 when he lost both legs in a serious traffic accident.
4. 1) I'd like to express my sincere thanks to everyone who has been so considerate of my well-being. My heart is filled with gratitude that words cannot express.
2) After everyone assembled on the playground amid the noise and excitement of the spectators, our coach again impressed on us the need to do our best in quest of excellence.
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3) Everything I saw in my hometown was marvelous. I could hardly believe that it had undergone such swift changes through cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers and the rest in the past few years.
II. Collocation
1, fond of 2. sick of
3. thoughtful of 4. confident of
Appendix I - 119 -
5. conscious of 6. critical of
7. guilty of 8. uncertain of
III. Usage
1. To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say.
2. It is cooperation, rather than conflict, that will enable you to achieve your success.
3. Ann made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.
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4. I think I'll stay at home this evening rather than go / going out.
5. Most people are content to let perfect days happen at random rather than plan / planning for them.
Structure
1.1) Fifty years ago it was taken for granted that marriage was the goal of every young woman's inmost thought, and the aim for her of her father and mother.
2) Most young people take tap water for granted because they've never lived without it.
3) I'd always seen them together and just took it for granted that they were married.
4) It is a very common phenomenon among people that the first gift is regarded with affection and the second is taken for granted.
2. 1) The 1980s saw the start of the development of some special economic zones in China.
2) The past decade has seen the release of many films, some of them good, some of them bad, and a few of them very brilliant.
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3) The last 100 years have seen the material wealth of humankind explode beyond all previous imagining.
4) We have been at your service for five years. The future will see us developing new ideas and plans to suit more of your needs.
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1) at sea 2) Turning over
3) reverse 4) got to
5) repay 6) gratitude
7) appreciated 8) assembled
9) immersed in 10) unloading
11) swift
(B)
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1) all 2) reason
3) better 4) for
5) year 6) together
7) because 8) by
9) brings 10) that
11) for 12) the
13) harvest 14) from
15) if 16) reward
17) itself 18) food
II. Translation
Amid the atmosphere of Thanksgiving, rather than joining his friends in celebration of the holiday, George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father, who died at sea after he completed two successive trips around the world. The diary brought back every moment George had spent with his father and many of the specific things his father did on his behalf. George's father used to impress on him the need to undergo all kinds of hardship in quest of excellence. He also
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taught him that nothing in the world could be taken for granted. Even today, George still remembers how his father would quote Aesop's famous saying \"Gratitude is the sign of noble souls\" and tell him to accord the greatest importance to it.
Part III Text B
Comprehension Check
l.c 2. b
3. d 4. a
5. c
Translation
Language Practice
1. restless 2. settle down
3. saturated 4. designated
5. compress 6. complains
7. testimony 8. touched on
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9. definition 10. referred to
11. bring in 12. spectrum
13. swap 14. gear
15. to the point 16. look over
17. dual 18. advantages
19. kicked out 20. migrate
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
Dear Dad,
It's Thanksgiving and of course my thoughts are turning home to you. Looking out over the ocean I find myself thinking about how much I owe to you. Yet I have never got round to telling you just how thankful I feel towards you for all you have done for me. There are so many things, I don't know where to start and would never get to the end once I begin. But if I had to pick just one thing it would perhaps be the love of books and reading I learnt from you. Those after-dinner quizzes at the table about the books we had just read and the new words we had picked up, I can see them in my mind's eye as if it were yesterday. Not many are as
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lucky in their father as I am. So, simply, thank you.
Your loving son,
Alex
Dear Rev. Nelson,
I am writing this on board my ship. It is Thanksgiving. My thoughts have been turning to all those who have done so much for me in the past and how I have never taken the time to thank them properly. Naturally, you were among the first to come to mind. You were, quite simply, the very best teacher a child could wish for. You gave us so many different gifts, but, if I were forced to choose one, then it would be your morning prayers at assembly at the start of each day. Whatever positive things I have done since can often be traced to the impression left by those prayers. For that guidance and all the other things I was lucky enough to learn from you, I shall always be in your debt.
Your affectionate student,
Alex Haley
Dear Grandma,
Here I am, on board my ship, and a thousand miles away from your wonderful cooking on Thanksgiving! Standing here at the rail, looking out at the sunset, I've
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been turning the meaning of Thanksgiving around in my mind and come up with the idea that it is just the time to be giving thanks to those we owe them to. And who better to start with than you? How could I have grown up without your help? You always found just the right way of showing me with those wonderful stories of yours the importance of telling the truth, of sharing and forgiving, of being considerate of others. Quite simply, you sprinkled my life with Stardust. Thank you.
Love
Alex
Unit 6
Part i Pre-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
The song you are about to hear was first performed at a concert given to raise money to fight against poverty in Africa. Its message is simple, \"There are people dying and it is time to help, to lend a hand. It's no use pretending that someone somewhere will do it for us. So let's start giving to those with less than ourselves.\" The message is clear. The song sings that we are all of us, everyone in the world, part of one great big family. We should care for one another, because, as the song
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says,
We are the world...
We are the ones
Who make a brighter day.
Now here is the song:
We Are the World
Michael Jackson
There conies a time
When we heard a certain call,
When the world
Must come together as one.
There are people dying;
And it's time to lend a hand to life,
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The greatest girt of all.
We can't go on pretending day by day
That someone somewhere will soon
Make a change.
We are the part
Of God's great big family.
And the truth you know,
Love is ail we need.
We are the world,
We are the children,
We are the ones
Who mate a brighter day.
So let's start giving.
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There's a choice we are making,
We are saving our own lives.
It's true we'll mate a better day,
Just you and me.
Send them your heart
So they'll know that someone cares
And their life
Will be stronger and free.
As God has shown us,
By turning stones to bread
So we all must lend a helping hand.
When you're down and out,
There seems no hope at all.
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But if you just believe,
There's no way we can fall.
Let us realize
That a change can only come
When we started together as one.
Part II Text A
Text Organization
1. 1) She made up her mind to die when the last leaf fell.
2) She decided not to give up her life.
3) Behrman, a kind neighbor, who was aware of Johnsy's state of mind, risked death to paint the last leaf and save her.
4) Because it was so perfect the girls both mistook it for the real thing.
Characters Events
1 Paras 1-2 Sue, Johnsy Sue's roommate Johnsy caught pneumonia.
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2 Paras 3-8 the doctor, Sue The doctor told Sue that Johnsy needed a strong will to live on.
3 Paras 9-17 Johnsy, Sue Johnsy decided that she would die when the 1 last ivy leaf fell.
4 Paras 18-2.1 Behrman, Sue Sue told Behrman about Johnsy's fancy.
5 Paras 22-33 Sue, Johnsy As Johnsy was encouraged by the last leaf that wouldn't give in to the weather, her will to live returned.
6 Paras 34-37 the doctor, Sue
The doctor told Sue that Johnsy would recover, but Behrman caught pneumonia himself and his case was hopeless.
7 Paras 38-39 Sue, Johnsy Sue told Johnsy that Behrman had performed a kind deed without any thought of self.
Vocabulary
I. 1. 1) flutter/fluttering 2) acute
3) cling to 4) streaming
5) fancy 6) mock
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7) fierce 8) masterpiece
9) nonsense 10) bare
11) subtracted 12) victim
13) Sin 14) look the part
15) for the rest
2. 1) gave in/gave up 2) figure out
3) sized up 4) wiped out 5) pulling up 6) wear away
7) sit up 8) hear of / about
3. 1) Illnesses usually stand out in childhood memories.
2) According to the bulletin, Albright College now offers a joint bachelor's degree program in environmental studies together with Duke University.
3) The new government is less oppressive, but violence still stalks the country.
4) There is scarcely any surface water in the desert.
5) The demand for change in the election law is so persistent that both houses
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have promised to consider it.
4. 1) It was dreary lying in the tent with nothing to read, so we built a camp fire. Soon the smell
of steaks, bread and coffee mingled with that of fresh grass and earth. Other campers seemed to be doing the same. Here and there people were eating, drinking or dancing to their hearts' content, if not to excess. What a merry night!
2) Miss Florence, our music teacher, called to us to stop singing. I didn't realize why until Sally told me in a whisper: \" You are not in tune with the group!\"
3) The angry wife poured a bucket of water over her drunken husband, who was immediately wet through and stumbled backward: \" You can't do without drinks? I won't hear of any excuses. You certainly don't need it to turn loose your tongue!\"
II. Words with Multiple Meanings
1. He went to Paris on business last month.
2. The train to Brussels goes at 2:25p.m.
3. As soon as they arrived at the meadow, the shepherd let the sheep go.
4. We went exploring together in the mountains. / We will go exploring
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together in the mountains.
5. Let's go and have a drink in the bar.
6. The store is going to close up soon.
7. South Koreans went crazy when their soccer players beat the Spanish team in the quarterfinals.
8. When Mother came out of the house, she found her children gone.
III. Usage
1. a little white wooden house
2. long, curly red hair
3. a large old round table
4. a cheap Indian restaurant
5. a huge cool chocolate ice-cream
6. rapid technological advance
7. a handsome young Chinese American
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Structure
1. 1) The kitchen smells of burnt rubber.
2) It smells of rose.
3) It tastes of fish.
4) It tastes of gasoline.
2. 1) I killed the spider by hitting it.
2) The little girl supported herself by selling matches.
3) You can unlock the door by turning the key to the right.
4) She tried to get help by screaming.
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1. victim 2. in tune
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3. Scarcely 4. in a whisper
5. cling to 6. merry
7. sat up 8. nonsense
9. fancy 10. fierce
11. sin 12. masterpiece
(B)
1. As 2. whose
3. that 4. or
5. jail 6. Her
7. so 8. buy
9. not 10. figured
11. collect 12. when
13. into 14. deliver
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15. including 17. take
19. in
16. feel 18. Bring 20. small
II. Translation
Here and there we see young artists who stand out from other people. They may be in worn out jeans all the year round, or walk barefoot / in bare feet even in winter, or drink to excess, or cling to the fancy of creating a masterpiece without actually doing any creative work. In fact, many of them act like this just to look the part, or to be \"in tune with\" other artists. They have forgotten that only through persistent effort can one achieve success.
Part III Text B
Comprehension Check
1. b 3. b 5. b
2. d 4. c 6. b
Translation
Language Practice
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1. straps
3. dripping
5. Behave yourself
7. stooping
9. lose her balance 11. At the rear of 13. pop
15. dash
17. took off
19. in contact with
2. frail
4. switches on
6. snatching
8. furnished
10. has ... in common
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12. tug
14. pop out
16. catch hold of
18. (at) full blast
20. am / get through with
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
The Spirit of Kindness
The most touching thing about the two stories is the way in which they capture the very best in humanity, the spirit of kindness. This they do through what seems at first sight two unlikely heroes. The old artist appears to be a no-nonsense character, one without any time for sentimentality and softness. Yet we soon see his kindly nature peeping through his rough manner. Only at the end of the story, however, do we discover how kind and considerate he was, the old man risking death to save a girl.
A somewhat similar theme can be found in the second story. The boy finds he has bitten off more than he can chew. The woman is more than a match for him.
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We might expect her to be justifiably angry at the boy and to march him off to the police station. Instead she marches him off to a decent supper and a lesson in kindness and trust that is more likely to turn him away from crime than any punishment.
(172 words)
Unit 7
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
The song you are about to hear came about through a chance meeting. The singer, Donna Summer, was having a meal with her manager in an expensive restaurant in the plush Beverly Hills area of Los Angeles. As Donna tells the story:
\"I went into the ladies, and saw one of the waitresses sleeping on a stool, absolutely exhausted from lack of sleep,\" she says. \"I woke the lady up and asked her name. She was called Onetta and simply told me she worked hard for money. She worked in the restaurant in the evenings, but was a full-time nurse during the day\".
And so was born the song, a call to show respect to those who work hard to serve people, no matter what the job. Onetta works for little, but her life is made
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less hard when others show they care for her. \"She works hard for the money,\" as the song says, \"so you better treat her right.\"
She Works Hard for the Money
Donna Summer
She works hard for the money so hard for it honey she works hard for the money so you better treat her right
She works hard for the money so hard for it honey she works hard for the money so you better treat her rig ht
Onetta there in the corner stand
and wonders where she is and
it's strange to her
some people seem to have everything
Nine a.m. on the hour hand and she's waiting for the bell
and she's looking real pretty just wait for her clientele
She works hard for the money so hard for it honey she works hard for the
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money so you better treat her right
She works hard for the money so hard for it honey
she works hard for the money so you better treat her right
Twenty rive years have
come and gone
and she' seen a lot of tears
of the ones who come in
they really seem to need her there
It's a sacrifice working day to day for little money just tips for pay But it's worth it all just to hear them say that they care
She works hard for the money so hard for it honey she works hard for the money so you better treat her right
She already knows she's seen her had times she already knows these are the good times
She'll never sell out she never will not for a dollar hill she works hard
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she works hard for the money so you better treat her right
She works hard for the money so hard for it honey
so you
She works hard for the money
so hard for it honey
she works hard for the money
so you better treat her right
She works hard for the money so hard for it honey she works hard for the money so you better treat her right
Part II Text A
Text Organization 1.
Parts Paragraphs Time of the Day Bill's Activities
1 Paras 1-7 early morning preparation for the day's work
2 Paras 8-25 mid-morning on his way to work
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3 Paras 26-62 day door-to-door selling
4 Paras 63-84 evening eating a frozen dinner and thinking of this and that
2.
Paragraphs What is written about Bill's past
Paras 11-20 his disability, his schooling, and his hard struggle to make a living for himself
Para 71 his back surgery and the selling of his house
Vocabulary
i. l.
1) pledge
3) transit
5) off balance
7) retail
9) limitations
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2) betray
4) went off
6) laundry
8) disorder
10) section
Appendix I - 133 -
11) tilted 12) transferred
13) delivery 14) lean
15) linger
2. 1) messing around 2) hang on
3) was laid up with 4) are gaining on
5) kicked up 6) cool down
7) drop ... off 8) was reaching out
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3. 1) It wasn't that she couldn't hear me, but that what I said sometimes didn't register (with her).
2) He strained his back during a practice session. That explains why he was absent from today's game.
3) 5,000 dollars was transferred from Father's account to my account.
4) The winter days here are lean for taxi drivers because there are few tourists.
5) Some people say drug manufacturing is the most profitable business in America.
4. 1) Sam was riding his bicycle to work. He was not aware that a car was gaining on him when he made a sudden left turn. Unable to stop his car, the driver knocked him down. Sam was laid up in hospital for months. In time he recovered, but the accident left a permanent scar on his mind. He is now scared of automobiles and has never since ridden a bicycle.
2) John was born a cripple. Even after repeated surgery, he still walks with a tilt. Despite his physical limitations, he successfully completed his college education and developed an interest in literature. He writes fascinating stories and his works enrich the life of millions of young readers.
3) John has recently found himself a job selling insurance. He works on
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straight commission. Most of the time, he is on the phone but sometimes he sells door to door in some section of his territory. He works so hard we are worried that it might be too great a strain on him. We tell him to slow the pace , but our advice never registers with him.
II. Usage
1. I never did go over these books, although I probably should have.
2. I know this is a personal question. You don't have to answer me if you don't want to.
3. I think this topic should have attracted far more attention from philosophers than it has.
4. \"I think you're right.\" — \"I'm sure I am.\"
5. \"He thought that the condition was hereditary in his case.\" —\"Well, it might be.\"
6. \"Sugar?\"
\"No. Maybe next time.\"
7. The house is only a building. It is a place to live, nothing more.
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8. DIANE: You didn't! Tell me you didn't! FATHER: Oh, yes. Anything for my children.
III. Word Family
1. 1) bored 2) boredom 3) bored 4) boringly 5) boring
2. 1) encouraged 2) encouragingly 3) encouraging 4) encouragement
3. 1) frozen 2) freeze 3) freezing 4) freezer 5) freeze
Structure
1. 1) She had to finish reading all the mail that arrived that morning before leaving/she left her office.
2) It took Jane years of hard practice before she learned to write English well.
3) Because they learned it the hard way, they will not trust anyone before he proves himself trustworthy.
4) Before you criticize him, I think you should let him explain why he acted in the way he did.
2. 1) Whenever I felt like talking, they were ready to listen.
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2) Are there days when you don't feel like writing?
3) Those who felt like hearing the story again came over and added themselves to the audience.
4) I feel like (going for/taking) a walk. Won't you join me?
Comprehensive Exercises
I Cloze
(A) 1. off... feet
3. commission
5. laid up
7. representative
2. signature
4. on the phone
6. surgery
8. territory
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Appendix I - 185 -
9. disorder 10. linger
11. applying for 12. dignity
(B)
1. in 2. on
3. read 4. But
5. for 6. and
7. on 8. worry
9. Now 10. because
11. then 12. the
13. or 14. have/ bother
15. doing 16. in
17. looking 18. Why
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19. money 20. really
21. no
II. Translation
Tom was born a cripple, with one of his lower limbs useless. Early in his childhood, he learned that unless he so exerted himself as to rise above his limitations, he could not earn a living, and unless he succeeded in making a living on his own, he could not win/gain the respect of others. That was the price he had to pay for his dignity as a human being.
Tom applied for numerous jobs, only to be turned down, before he finally got one as a delivery boy for a Pizza Hut. He then worked as a sales representative for a sports wear company in a territory no one else would want. Today he owns a fairly profitable retail shop in his hometown, and hires several people to work for him on straight commission.
Part III Text B
2. d 4. d 6. b
Comprehension Check
1. c
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3. a
5. d
Translation
Language Practice
1. institutions
3. mobile
5. Fantastic
7. issue
9. criticized
11. trivial
13. took on
15. for once
17. come down to
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19. being pushed around
2. campus
4. myth
6. advertise
8. management
10. blunt
12. cash in on
14. putting ... through
16. settled into
18. once in a while
20. handy
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
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A Synopsis
The story tells of one day in the life of a salesman, Bill Porter. It attempts to give us some idea of the hardships he faces and the strength of character he shows. For his job is made all the more difficult by a handicap from which he suffers, which makes it difficult for him to move normally.
The story starts with Bill struggling to get himself ready to go to work in the early morning. It then follows him on his long journey to work and the discouraging rejections he receives. As the story unfolds, we learn more about his past and his character, how, for example, he followed his father's example in becoming a salesman and how proud he is of his ability to support himself by his trade. We learn how many miles he has to walk, and the household provisions he deals in. In many ways, his life seems bleak. He does not get home until late at night and lives alone. He is getting old. Yet, despite all this, he refuses to give way to self-pity.
(181 words)
Unit 8
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
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A Clone of Our Own
Will humans be the next clones? The technology still has a long way to go before it's considered safe to try on humans. But even if it were safe, would it be right? Let's hear what Professor Hank Greely of Stanford University has to say on this topic .
Interviewer: When will we clone a human?
Greely: That's not a simple question. I think we have to ask ourselves: is there something about the technology that is so wrong or so evil that it shouldn't be used at all? Or should it be judged according to its intended uses? Interviewer: What are acceptable uses?
Greely: We really need to distinguish between different types of cloning. If we use cloning to grow a new liver, I don't think many people will have problems with that - as long as it's growing a liver and not taking a liver from a cloned person. Human reproductive cloning is much trickier. Interviewer: Why?
Greely: Safety. There's still a very low success rate. With Dolly, the first cloned lamb, 29 treated eggs were implanted in sheep to get one Dolly. We don't worry too much about sheep miscarriages or about deformed lambs being born. But we would with humans. And we wouldn't know if a human clone would be healthy. Interviewer: Dolly appears to be healthy. Why wouldn't a human clone be so?
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Greely: There may be cell changes that are initially invisible and only show themselves as the clone ages. There's also a problem with the ends of chromosomes in cells, which shorten until the cells can no longer reproduce. We know that Dolly's chromosomes are shorter than those of other sheep her age, and we don't know what that means yet.
Interviewer: Suppose human cloning was safe. In what situations do you see cloning being used?
Greely: Helping parents who are having difficulty having children would be one area. Interviewer: Are there other situations where it might be acceptable to create a human clone?
Greely: A situation where parents want to create a new child to be a bone marrow donor for an older sick child. That's a real tough one. But that issue might never arise if we succeed in growing bone marrow outside the body. Another situation is cloning a child who has accidentally died. I think that's disturbing. But I've never been in that position and so I don't feel comfortable saying whether that's a good application or a bad application of the technology. Interviewer: What about cloning a Hitler or Michael Jordan ?
Greely: I think we can dismiss those as bad or even silly applications. Interviewer: Is there anything else you'd like to say about the future of human cloning?
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Greely: Even if cloning humans were safe and we as a society had decided it was right and proper for reproductive purposes, I don't think we'd see a lot of clones. The old fashioned way of making babies has a lot going for it: It's easy, traditional, well understood, and occasionally even pleasant. People are not going to give up sex anytime soon.
Part II Text A
Text Organization 1.
Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas
Part One Paras 1-2 Dolly the sheep, a clone, was born.
Part Two Paras 3-6 Dolly's birth has made cloning a reality and human cloning a possibility.
Part Three Paras 7-11 People have to face the ethical problems of human clon¬ing.
Part Four Paras 12-16 Cloning technology could benefit people in more than one way.
2.
Sections Paragraphs Main Ideas
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Section One Paras 7-9 Human cloning has given rise to the question of what implications the technology may have for mankind.
Section Two Paras 10-11 The making of the atomic bomb had a tremendous impact on scientists .
Vocabulary
1) residence 2) gave birth to
3) fuse 4) primitive 5) genes 6) compromise
7) mixture 8) union
9) beforehand 10) started out
11) comment , 12) catalog
13) theoretical 14) all the world
15) opposed
1) calls for 2) woke up
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-
3) took up 4) runs out of
5) sums ... up 6) broke down
7) lashed out at 8) has grown into
1) The hillside facing the Pacific is dotted with colorful houses.
2) The present Labour government inherited a weak economy from the Conservative govern-
3) The great historian Dr. Franklin lashed out at the racial discrimination that has plagued the American Blacks for more than two hundred years.
4) This blood test will show whether or not you're immune to the disease.
5) Polite society will not tolerate such offensive behavior.
4. 1) I am not opposed to the idea of cloning humans. I believe that in principle it is far less terrifying for a person to use his or her own genetic material to create an identical twin than to use an atomic bomb to kill people.
2) Some people are wondering whether the advances in science have been good. They say that the discovery of atomic energy let loose a power far more destructive than any weapons people have invented since ancient times. They think that science has a great potential for doing evil unless we learn to harness it.
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3) The young man was a genius and had a brilliant mind for business management. Soon after he inherited from his father a local newspaper, he merged it with another. Today his newspaper has grown into one of the best-known national news dailies.
II. Collocation
1) Would you rather she took up residence elsewhere?
2) I'll order tea. Or perhaps you 'd rather have coffee?
3) She would rather work for a living than become dependent on her husband.
4) Yd rather she did not tell you the story.
III. Usage
1) An unusual present, a book on ethics, was given to Henry for his birthday,
2) The reason (he gave) that he didn't notice the car till too late was unsatisfactory.
3) Football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends.
4) Cloning had been raised as a possibility decades ago, then dismissed, something that serious scientists thought was simply not going to happen
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anytime soon.
Structure
1. 1) True, the sentence is grammatically correct, but it does not read naturally.
2) It's true there has been a considerable increase in our living costs, but the quality of our life has improved significantly because our wages have doubled over the same period.
3) True, Peter does not hold an MBA degree, but he is none the less a competent manager.
4) \"In my country, teenagers are not allowed to buy alcoholic drinks.\" \"True, but we're not in your country, are we?
2. 1) What if the scheme does not work out?
2) What if some scientists ignore bioethics and start to clone human beings?
3) What if you can't get home before dark?
4) What if I did have a talk with your boss before he fired you ?
Comprehensive Exercises
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I. Cloze
(A)
1. cloning 2. am opposed to
3. terrifying 4.offensive
5. normally 6.curiosity
7. in principle 8.potential
9. transplanting 10.immune
11. genius 12.dentical
(B)
1. on 2. producing 3. of 4. that/which
5. both 6. Despite 7. took 8. with
9. human 10. for 11. not 12. but
13. by 14. who 15. opposition/condemnation 16. of
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17. what 18. from 19. with 20. when
II. Translation
After Dolly was born, cloning could no longer be dismissed as science fiction. The ability to create an identical twin of a lamb is but one step short of cloning humans, which many find terrifying and offensive . However the technology holds great potential for medical application. Scientists could cultivate a batch of cells and direct them to grow into whole organs or even limbs that will be genetically identical to those of the patient, thus eliminating the problem of rejection caused by immune reaction when they are transplanted into his body. Or they could take an organ from animals such as a pig that has been genetically altered so that it will be tolerated by the recipient. Then the lives of thousands of patients who die every year before a replacement heart, liver or kidney becomes available would be saved.
Part III Text B
Comprehension Check
1. d 2. c
3. b 4. d
5. b 6.c
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Translation
(#JAL Appendix III)
Language Practice
1. prospect 2.
3. necessarily 4.
5. vague 6.
7. was bound to 8.
9. lent ... support to 10.
11. objections 12.
13. subscribed to 14.
15. come to terms with 16.
17. had second thoughts 18.
19. prohibiting 20.
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104
enhance
condemn
overcome
rests on
artificial
inevitable
significant
by virtue of
in essence
vital
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
My Views on Human Cloning
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With human cloning becoming a near-term prospect, we are brought face-to-face with the most basic ethical questions of life. Opinions differ widely as to whether human cloning should be prohibited.
True, human cloning clearly has much to offer. By using cells from the patient's own body to grow organs to replace diseased parts, the problem of rejection can be avoided. This might prove useful, for example, in fighting leukemia through bone marrow transplants. But what about making an identical copy of a human being?
Ian Wilmut, who created Dolly the sheep, finds the idea offensive. Professor Hank Greely at Stanford also finds the suggestion deeply disturbing. For one thing, the technology is far from perfect. There may be lots of miscarriages and deformed clones. What shall we do with them? Shall we keep the healthy clones and just kill off the ones with a deformed body or defective brains? That, I am afraid, would offend the religious beliefs of a great many people. For another, even if the technology is perfected, who can guarantee no one will misuse it for evil purposes? To clone a Hitler, for example, or to produce new class divisions, with some designed to lead and others designed to serve?
Therefore, I am strongly opposed to human cloning for reproductive purposes. The government should enact laws to prohibit it before it is too late. Non-reproductive cloning, on the other hand, should be encouraged. It may mean hope to many who are waiting desperately for organs for transplantation to save their lives. If used wisely the technology may eventually free humans from many
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kinds of suffering that today seem unavoidable.
(273 words)
Book3 Unit1-8 text A 译文
第一单元
生活方式的改变
课文A
在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆•多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。
多尔蒂先生创建自己的理想生活
售姆•多尔蒂
有两件事是我一直想做的——写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E•B•怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。
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这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。
这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。
但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。
在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃、堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲——贤德之人也歇不了。
我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。
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开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆满一罐罐的腌渍食品，有番茄汁、葡萄汁、李子、果酱和果冻。最后，地窖里遍地是大堆大堆的土豆、葫芦、南瓜，谷仓里也储满了苹果和梨。真是太美妙了。
第二年我们种了更多的作物，差不多就靠着从自家树林砍伐的木柴以及仅仅100加仑的燃油过了冬。其时，我开始认真考虑起辞了职去从事自由撰稿的事来。时机选得实在太差。当时，两个大的女儿肖恩和埃米正在费用很高的常青藤学校上学，而我们只有几千美金的银行存款。但我们一再回到一个老问题上来：真的会有更好的时机吗?答案无疑是否定的。于是，带着老板的祝福，口袋里揣着作为累积津贴的半年薪水，我走了。
那以后有过一些焦虑的时刻，但总的来说，情况比我们料想的要好得多。为了写那些内容各不相同的文章，我为《体育画报》爬进过黑熊窝；为《史密森期刊》替参赛的一组组狗套上雪橇；为《科学文摘》调查过尚普兰湖水怪的真相；为《终点》杂志在明尼苏达划着小舟穿越美、加边界水域内的公共荒野保护区。
我挣的钱远比不上担任全职工作时的收入，可如今我们需要的钱也没有过去多。我挣的钱足以应付每月600美金的房屋贷款按揭以及一家人的日常开销。那些开销包括了所有支出，如音乐课学费、牙医帐单、汽车维修以及大学费用等等。至于保险，我们买了一份低收入者的主要医疗项目保险。我们需要为每一个家庭成员的任何一项医疗费用支付最初的500美金医疗保险则支付超出部分的80％。虽然我们仍要支付小部分医疗费用，但我们的保险费也低——每年只要560美金——而我们给自己生大病保了险。除了这一保险项目，以及两辆汽车每年400美金的保险，我们就没有其它保险了。不过我们每年留出2000美元入个人退休金贴。
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我们通过节约开支而又不明显降低生活水准的方式来弥补收入差额。我们每个月仍出去吃一两次饭，不过现在我们光顾的是当地餐馆，而不是城里的高级饭店。我们仍去密尔沃基听歌剧看芭蕾演出，不过一年才几次。我们肉吃得少了，酒喝得便宜了，电影看得少了。铺张的圣诞节成为一种回忆，我们把完成稿约作为度假的一部分……
我想，不是所有热爱乡村的人都会乐意过我们这种生活的。这种生活需要一些特殊素质。其一是耐得住寂寞。由于我们如此忙碌，手头又紧，我们很少请客。在作物生长季节根本就没工夫参加社交活动。吉米和埃米莉虽然参加学校的各种活动，但他俩大多数时间呆在家里。
另一项要求是体力——相当大的体力。小范围里实现自给自足的途径是抵制诱惑，不去购置拖拉机和其它昂贵的节省劳力的机械。相反，你要自己动手。我们仅有的机器(不包括割草机)是一台3马力的小型旋转式耕耘机以及一架16英寸的链锯。
没人知道我们还能有精力在这里再呆多久一也许呆很长一阵子，也许不是。到走的时候，我们会怆然离去，但也会为自己所做的一切深感自豪。我们把农场出售也会赚相当大一笔钱。我们自己在农场投入了约35，000美金的资金，要是现在售出的话价格差不多可以翻一倍。不过现在不是出售的好时机。但是一旦经济形势好转，对我们这种农场的需求又会增多。
但我们主要不是为了赚钱而移居至此的。我们来此居住是因为想提高生活质量。当我看着埃米莉傍晚去收鸡蛋，跟吉米一起在河上钓鱼，或和全家人一起在果园里享用老式的野餐，我知道，我们找到了自己一直在寻求的生活方式。
第二单元
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民权英雄
课文A
2004年，一个纪念“地下铁路”的中心将在辛辛那提市成立。这条铁路不同寻常，它不出售车票，也无火车行驶。然而，它将成千上方的乘客送往他们梦想中的目的地。
给人以自由者
弗格斯•M•博得威奇
我步出这幢两层小屋，加拿大平原上轻风微拂。我身边是一位苗条的黑衣女子，把我带回到过去的向导。那时，安大略省得雷斯顿这一带住着美国历史上的一位英雄。我们前往一座普普通通的灰色教堂，芭芭拉.卡特自豪地谈论着其高祖乔赛亚•亨森。“他坚信上帝要所有人生来平等。他从来没有停止过争取这一自由权利的奋斗。”
卡特对其先辈的忠诚不仅仅关乎一己之骄傲，而关乎家族荣誉。因为乔赛亚•亨森至今仍为人所知是由于他所激发的创作灵感使得一个美国小说人物问世：汤姆叔叔，哈丽特，比彻•斯托的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中那个逆来顺受的黑奴。具有讽刺意味的是，这一人物所象征的一切在亨森身上一点都找不到。一个不愿奋起力争、背叛种族的黑人?卡特对此颇为愤慨。“乔赛亚•亨森是个有原则的人，”她肯定地说。
我远道前来亨森最后的居所——如今已成为卡特曾管理过的一处历史遗迹——是为了更多地了解此人，他在许多方面堪称非裔美国人的摩西。亨森自己摆脱了黑奴身份获得自由之后，便暗中帮助其他许多黑奴逃奔北方去加拿大——逃奔自由之地。许多人和他一
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起在得雷斯顿这一带定居了下来。
但此地只是我所承担的繁重使命的一处停留地。乔赛亚•亨森只是一长串无所畏惧的男女名单中的一个名字，这些人共同创建了这条“地下铁路”，一个由逃亡线路和可靠的人家组成的用以解放美国南方黑奴的秘密网络。在1820年至1860年期间，多达十万名黑奴经由此路走向自由。
2000年10月，克林顿总统批准拨款1600万美元建造全国“地下铁路”自由中心，以此纪念美国历史上第一次伟大的民权斗争。中心计划于2004年在辛辛那提市建成。真是该建立这样一个中心的时候了。因为地下铁路的英雄们依然默默无闻，他们的业绩依然少人颂扬。我要讲述他们的故事。
听到轻轻的敲门声，约翰•帕克神情紧张起来。他开门窥望，夜色中认出是一位可靠的邻居。“有一群逃亡奴隶躲在肯塔基州的树林里，就在离河二十英里的地方，”那人用急迫的口气低语道。帕克没一点儿迟疑。“我就去，”他说着，把两支手枪揣进口袋。
二十年前，即1．9世纪20年代，生来即为黑奴的帕克才八岁就被从母亲身边带走，被迫拖着镣铐从弗吉尼亚走到亚拉巴马，在那里的黑奴市场被买走。他打定主意有朝一日要过自由的生活，便设法学会了铸铁这门手艺。后来他终于靠这门手艺攒够钱赎回了自由。现在，帕克白天在俄亥俄州里普利港的一家铸铁厂干活。到了晚上，他就成了地下铁路的一位“乘务员”，帮助人们避开追捕逃亡黑奴的人。在他正前往的肯塔基州，当局悬赏一千美元抓他，活人死尸都要。
在那个阴冷的夜晚，帕克渡过俄亥俄河，找到了十个丧魂落魄的逃亡者。“拿好包裹跟我走，”他一边吩咐他们，一边带着这八男二女朝河边走去。就要到岸时，一个巡夜人
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发现了他们，急忙跑开去报告。
帕克看见一条小船，便大喝一声，把那些逃亡黑奴推上了船。大家都上了船，但有两个人容不下。小船徐徐驶向对岸，帕克眼睁睁地看着追捕者把他被迫留下的两个男人团团围住。
其他的人都上了岸，帕克急忙安排了一辆车把他们带到地下铁路的下一“站”——他们走向安全的加拿大之旅的第一程。约翰•帕克在有生之年一共带领四百多名黑奴走向安全之地。
黑人去当乘务员常常是由于本人痛苦的经历，而那些白人则往往是受了宗教信仰的感召。在北卡罗来纳州长大的贵格会教徒利瓦伊•科芬解释说：“《圣经》上只是要我们给饥者以食物，无衣者以衣衫，但没提到过肤色的事。”
在19世纪20年代，科芬向西迁移前往印第安纳州的新港(即今天的喷泉市)，在那里开了一家小店。人们传说，逃亡黑奴在科芬家总是能得到庇护。有时他一次庇护的逃亡者就多达十七人，他还备有一组人员和车辆把他们送往下一段行程。到后来有三条主要路线在科芬家汇合，科芬家成了地下铁路的中央车站。
科芬经常由于他做的工作受到被杀的威胁，收到焚毁他店铺和住宅的警告。几乎每一个乘务员都面临类似的危险——或者更为严重。在北方，治安官会对帮助逃亡的人课以罚金，或判以短期监禁。在南方各州，白人则被判处几个月甚至几年的监禁。一位勇敢的循道宗牧师卡尔文•费尔班克在肯塔基州被关押了十七年多，他记录了自己遭受毒打的情况：总共被鞭笞了35，105下。
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至于那些黑奴，逃亡意味着数百英里的长途跋涉，意味着穿越自己极易被人辨认的陌生地域。没有路标，也几乎没有线路图，他们赶路全凭着口口相告的路线以及秘密记号——比如树上钉着的钉子——是乘务员用宋标示北上路线的记号。
许多黑奴在夜色掩护下赶路，有时脸上涂着厚厚的白粉。贵格会教徒经常让他们的“乘客”不分男女穿上灰衣服，戴上深沿帽，披着把头部完全遮盖住的面纱。有一次，利瓦伊•科芬运送的逃亡黑奴实在太多，他就把他们装扮成出殡队伍。
加拿大是许多逃亡者的首选终点站。那儿1833年就废除了奴隶制，加拿大当局鼓励逃亡奴隶在其广阔的未经开垦的土地上定居。其中就有乔赛亚•亨森。
还是孩子的亨森在马里兰州目睹着全家人被卖给不同的主人，看到母亲为了想把自己留在她身边而遭受毒打。亨森利用命运给他的一切机会，干活勤勉，深受主人器重。
经济困顿最终迫使亨森的主人将他及其妻儿送到主人在肯塔基州的一个兄弟处。在那儿干了几年苦工之后，亨森听说了一个可怕的消息：新主人准备把他卖到遥远的南方腹地去农庄干活。这名奴隶将与自己的家人永远分离。
只有一条路可走：逃亡。“我会认北极星，”许多年后亨森写道。“就像圣地伯利恒的救星一样，它告诉我在哪里可以获救。”
亨森和妻子冒着极大的风险带着四个孩子上路了。两个星期之后，饥饿疲惫的一家人来到了辛辛那提市，在那儿，他们与地下铁路的成员取得了了解。“他们为我们提供了食宿，非常关心，接着又用车送了我们三十英里。”
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亨森一家继续往北走，最后来到纽约州的布法罗。在那儿，一位友善的船长指着尼亚加拉河对岸。“‘看见那些树没有?’他说，‘它们生长在自由的土地上。”’他给了亨森一美元钱，安排了一条小船，小船载着这位黑奴及其家人过河来到加拿大。
“我扑倒在地，在沙土里打滚，手舞足蹈，最后，在场的那几个人都认定我是疯子。‘他是个疯子，’有个沃伦上校说。”
“‘不，不是的!知道吗?我自由了!’”
第三单元
安全问题
课文A
许多年前，在美国，家家户户白天黑夜不锁门是司空见惯的。在本文中，格林叹惜人们不再相互信任，不得不凭借精密的安全设备来保护自己和财产。
锁之国
鲍勃•格林
小时候在家里，我们的前门总是夜不落锁。我不知道这是当地的一种说法还是大家都这么说的；“不落锁”的意思是掩上门，但不锁住。我们谁都不带钥匙；晚上最后一个回家的人把门关上，这就行了。
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那样的日子已经一去不复返了。在乡下，在城里，•门不再关着不锁上，哪怕是傍晚一段时间也不例外。
在许多方面，郊区和农村甚至比巡查严密的城市街道更易受到攻击。统计显示，那些据称是安宁的地区的犯罪率上升得比城镇更为显著。不管怎么说，前门虚掩不落锁的时代是一去不复返了。
取而代之的是防盗锁、防护链、电子报警系统，以及连接警署或私人保安公司的报警装置。郊区的许多人家在露台上安装了玻璃滑门，内侧有装得很讲究的钢条，这样就没人能把门撬开。
在最温馨的居家，也常常看得到窗上贴着小小的告示，称本宅由某家安全保卫机构或某个保安公司负责监管。
锁成了美国的新的象征。的确如此，一家大保险公司最近的一则公益广告没有用图表表明我们所处的危险有多大，而是用了一幅童车的图片，车身上悬着如今随处可见的挂锁。
广告指出，没错，确是保险公司理赔失窃物品，但谁来赔偿互不信任、担心害怕这种新氛围对我们的生活方式所造成的影响呢?谁来对美国从自由之国到锁之国这一蜕变作出精神赔偿呢?
因为那就是现状。我们已经变得如此习惯于保护自己不受美国生活新氛围的影响，如此习惯于设置障碍，以致无暇考虑这一切意味着什么。
出于某种原因，当我们觉得防范周密时才安心；我们没有想到问问自己：为什么会出
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现这种情况?为什么非得把自己与邻居和同住一城的居民隔绝开来，这一切究竟是从什么时候开始主宰我们生活的?
这一切确实主宰了我们的生活。如果你在一家大中型公司上班，你上下班很可能不好随意进出。你可能随身带着某种出入卡，电子的或别的什么的，因为这卡能让你进出工作场所。也许前台的保安认识你这张脸，平日一挥手让你进去，但事实明摆着，你所任职的公司深感面临威胁，因此要借助这些“钥匙”不让外人靠近。
这种现象并非向来有之。即使在十年前，大多数私营公司仍采取自由出入的做法。那时管理人员根本没想到过恰当的手段是不信任他人。
且看各地机场。过去家长常常带孩子去登机口看飞机起飞降落。这种事再也没有了。机场不再是一个有趣的学习场所；它们成了拥有最精密的安全检查系统的场所。
凭借着电子透视装置，我们似乎终于想出妙计让恐怖分子无法近身，无论是真的恐怖分子还是凭空臆想的。能解决这一问题真是如释重负，于是我们就不去多想这种状况对我们的生活质量意味着什么。如今我们走过这些电子搜查器时已经看都不看一眼了；这些装置，还有它们所代表的一切已经获胜。
我们的居住区处在强光源的照射之下；我们连哪怕像阴影这样小小的享受也不想给自己。
越来越多的商人正购置连接在电话机上、能剖析来电者声音的新机器。据说那种机器能让商人知道他的朋友或客户是否在撒谎，其出错概率很小。
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所有这一切都是以“安全”的名义实施的：我们是这么跟自己说的。我们害怕，于是我们设法把害怕锁在外面，我们认定，那就是安全的意义。
其实不然；我们虽然有了这一切安全措施，但我们或许是人类文明史上最不安全的国民。还有什么更好的字眼能用来描述我们被迫选择的生活方式呢?还有什么更为可悲地表明我们在这个令人困惑的新时代所感受到的惶恐之情呢?
我们不信任何人。郊区的家庭主妇在家庭旅行用车钥匙链上挂着防强暴口哨，我们在自我防卫方面变得如此聪明，最终全都聪明反被聪明误。我们或许是把邪恶锁在了门外；但在这么做的同时我们把自己锁在里边了。
那也许是我们将来回顾这一时代时记得最牢的精神遗产：在对付我们中间无形的恐惧之时，我们成了自己的囚徒。在我们这个问题重重的时代，所有的人都是囚徒。
第四单元
外星人
课文A
这仅仅是一个错误，一个愚蠢的错误，那种人人都可能犯的错误。只是从今往后再也不会有太空客前来访问地球了。再也不会了。
水乡
伊萨克•阿西莫夫
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我们不会再有太空游客前来了。外星人将永远不会登陆地球——至少是再也不会了。
我这不是悲观。事实上，外星人登陆过地球。这个我知道。在宇宙的千百万颗星球当中穿梭往来的太空飞船可能有许多，可它们永远不会再来我们这儿了。这我也知道。而这一切都是由于一个荒唐的错误导致的。
且听我解释。
这实际上是巴特•卡默伦的错，所以你得对巴特•卡默伦这人有所了解。他是爱达荷州特温加尔奇的治安官，我是他的副手。巴特•卡默伦是个脾气暴躁的人，到了他不得不整理个人应缴多少所得税时更是容易光火。你想，他除了当治安官，还经营着一家杂货铺，并拥有一家牧羊场的股份，同时还享有残疾退伍军人(膝盖受过伤)津贴，以及其他某些类似的津贴。这样一来他的个人所得税计算起来自然就变得复杂。
要是他让税务人员帮他填表就不至于那么糟糕，可他非得要自己填，于是填得他牢骚满满腹。每年到了4月14日，他就变得难以接近。
那个飞碟在1956年4月14日这一天登陆真是大错特错。
我是看着它降落的。当时我的椅子背靠着治安官办公室的墙，我正望着窗外的星星，琢磨着是不是该下班去睡觉，还是继续听卡默伦骂个不停，他正在第127次核对他在税单上填写的一栏栏数字。
一开始像是颗流星，可接着那道光越变越宽，成了两股像是火箭喷出气流之类的东西，而那玩艺儿一点没出声就着落了。
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两个人走了出来。
我说不出话，也做不了事。喘不了气，也没法用手示意，甚至眼睛都没法瞪大。我就那么呆坐着。
卡默伦?他压根儿就没抬起过头。
有敲门声。门开了，飞碟上的那两个人走了进来。要不是我看着飞碟降落，我还会以为他们就是镇上的人。两人身着灰套装、白衬衣，戴着深红棕色的领带。他们穿着黑皮鞋，戴着黑帽子，肤色黑黑的，卷曲的头发黑黑的，眼睛呈棕色。两人神情严肃，身高都在5英尺10英寸左右，看上去非常相像。
天哪，我害怕极了。
可卡默伦只是在门开的那会儿略一抬头，皱了皱眉头。“有什么事吗，伙计?”他边说边用手拍着税单，显然正忙着呢。
那两人中的一个走上前说道：“我们对你的人已经观察很久了。”他说话时小心翼翼、一字一顿的。
卡默伦说：“我的人?我只有老婆一个人。她干什么来着?”
穿西装的那人说：“我们选择此地作为第一接触点，因为这里偏僻安静。我们知道您是这里的首领。”
“如果你指的是治安官，本人就是，有什么话就直说，你们遇到什么麻烦了?”
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“我们非常谨慎，沿用了你们的衣着式样，甚至采用了你们的外貌。我们还学习了你们的语言。”
你可以看到卡默伦脸上开始现出领悟的神情。他说：“你俩是外国人?”卡默伦不怎么喜欢外国人，退伍后就没怎么见过外国人，不过总的来说他尽力做到为人公正。 ．
飞碟来人说：“外国人?正是如此。我们来自你们称之为金星的水乡。”
卡默伦连眼也没眨一下便说：“好吧。这里是美国。我们这儿不论种族、肤色、国籍，一律平等。我为你们效劳。你们有何贵干?”
“我们希望您马上与贵国，即你们所说的美国的要人了解，前来此地商讨加入我们伟大组织的事宜。”
卡默伦的脸色渐渐涨红。“我们加入稀仍啪组织。我们已经是联合国的成员了，天知道还有别的什么。我想是让我把总统找来，呃?就现在?前来特温加尔奇?发一封急件?”他看了看我，似乎想在我脸上看到一丝笑意，可此刻若有人从我身后把椅子抽开，我也不会摔倒在地。
飞碟来人说：“事不宜迟。”
“你们想不想要国会也来?还有最高法院?”
“要是有用的话，治安官。”
这下卡默伦真的气坏了。他把税单向桌上重重地一摔，叫道：“好啁，你们跟我添乱，
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我可没时间跟你们这些自作聪明的人纠缠，尤其是外国人。要是你们不马上从这里滚出去，我就以扰乱治安罪把你们关起来，永远不放你们出来。”
“您是要我们离开?”金星人问。
“马上滚!滚出去，滚回你们老家去，别再回来。我不想见到你们，这儿谁都不想见到你们。”
那两人对望了一眼。
一直作为发言人的那人于是说：“看得出您确实极其不愿受到打搅。我们从不愿将我们自己或我们组织的意见强加于无意接受者。我们尊重您的个人自由，马上离开。我们将不再返回。我们会在你们地球周围发布警告，不再会有人前来。”
卡默伦说：“先生，够了，别再胡说八道了，我数到3——”
那两人转身离去，我当然知道他们说的句句是实话。你知道，我一直在听他们讲话，卡默伦可没有，他一心只想着他的税单，而且我似乎知道了他们脑子里在想什么，你明白我的意思吗?我知道地球周围会竖起一道屏障，使他人无法进入。
他们走了之后，我才能又开口说话——已经太迟了。我高声叫起来：“天哪，卡默伦，他们是从太空来的。你为什么要赶他们走?”
“从太空来的!”他两眼瞪着我。
我大喝一声：“你看!”我到现在都不明白是怎么一回事，他比我重了25英磅，可我
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竟然扯着他的衣领把他拽到了窗前。
他震惊之下都没有反抗，等他回过神来似乎想要把我击倒时，正好看见窗外的情景，顿时气都喘不出来了。
他们正在进入飞碟，就是那两人，飞碟就在那儿，知道吗，大大的， 圆圆的，亮晶晶的，挺有气势的。接着飞碟起飞了。它轻轻巧巧地上升，像根羽毛似的，一侧发出一道桔红色的光芒，那光越来越强烈，飞碟变得越来越小，最后重新变成一颗流星渐渐消失。
我说：“治安官，你为什么要赶他们走?他们要见总统。这下他们再也不会回来了。”
卡默伦诜“我当他们是外国人。他们说的，要学我们的语言。而且他们说的话莫名其妙。”
“哼，得了，还外国人呢。”
“他们说自己是外国人，两人看上去像是意大利人。我以为他们是意大利人。”
“他们怎么会是意大利人呢?他们说他们是从金星来的。我听见的?他们是这么说的。”
“金星。”他的眼睛瞪得越发圆了。
“他们是这么说的。他们把它叫做水乡什么的。要知道，金星上多的是水。”
所以你瞧，这仅仅是个错误，一个愚蠢的错误，那种人人都可能犯的错误。只是从今往后地球上再也不会有任何金星人来访了。卡默伦这个笨蛋，还有他那该死的税单!
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只听他嘀咕道：“金星!他们说水乡的时候，我还以为他们指的是威尼斯呢!
第五单元
如何欢庆节日
课文A
亚历克斯•黑利二战时在海岸警卫队服役。出海在外，时逢一个倍感孤寂的日子——感恩节——他开始认真思考这一节日的意义，对许多美国人而言，这个节日已成为大吃大喝、没完没了地看橄榄球比赛的日子。黑利决定写三封不同寻常的信，以此来纪念感恩节的真正意义。
写三封感谢信
亚历山大•黑利
那是在二战期间的1943年，我是个年轻的美国海岸警卫队队员。我们的船，美国军舰军市一号已出海多日。多数船舱装着成千上万箱罐装或风干的食品。其余的船舱装着不少五百磅重的炸弹，都小心翼翼地放在有软垫的架子上。我们的目的地是南太平洋图拉吉岛上一个规模很大的基地。
我是军市一号上的一个厨师，跟岸上的人‘样，那个感恩节的上午，我们忙着在准备一道以烤火鸡为主的传统菜肴。
当厨师的都知道，要烹制一顿大餐，摆上桌，再刷洗、收拾干净，是件辛苦的事。不
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过，等到太阳快下山时，我们总算全都收拾停当了。
我想先去后甲板透透气。我信步走去，一边深深呼吸着空气，一边慢慢地踱着步，头上仍戴着那顶白色的厨师帽。
我开始思索起感恩节这个节日来，想着清教徒前辈移民、印第安人、•野火鸡、南瓜、玉米棒等等。
可我脑子里似乎还在搜索着别的什么一某种我能够赋予这一节日以个人意义的方式。大概过了半个小时左右我才意识到，问题的关键也许在于把Thanksgiving这个词前后颠倒一下——那样广来至少文字好懂了：Giving thanks。
表达谢意——就如在祈祷时感谢上帝那样，我暗想。对啊，是这样，当然是这样。
可我脑子里仍一直盘桓着这事。
过了片刻，如同晨曦初现，一个更清晰的念头终于涌现脑际——要感谢他人，那些赐我多恩惠，我根本无以回报的人们。令我深感不安的实际情形是，我向来对他们所做的一之泰然，认为是理所应当。我一次也没想过要对他们中的任何一位真心诚意地说一句简单的谢谢。
至少有七个人对我有过不同寻常、影响深远的帮助。令人万分难受的是，我意识到，他们中有一半已经谢世了——因此他们永远也无法接受我的谢意了。我越想越感至懂愧。最后我想到了仍然健在的三位，几分钟后，我就回到了自己的舱房。
我坐在摊着信纸的桌旁，回想着佃门各自为我所做的一切，试图用真挚的文字表达我
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对他们的由衷的感激之情：父亲西蒙•A•黑利，阿肯色州派恩布拉大那所古老韵农业机械师范学院的教授；住在田纳西州小镇亨宁老家的外祖母辛西娅•帕尔默；以及我的初中校长，退休后住在亨宁以北6英里处的里普利的洛纽尔•纳尔逊牧师；
我的信是这样开头的广出海在外度过的这个感恩节，令我回想起您为我做了那么多事，但我却从来没有对您说过自己多么想感谢您——”我简短回忆了他们每位为我所做的具体事例。
例如，我父亲的最不同寻常之处在于，从我童年时代起，他就让我深深意识到要热爱书籍、热爱阅读。事实上，这一爱好渐渐变成一种家庭习惯，晚饭后大家围在餐桌旁互相考查近日所读的书以及新学的单词。我对书籍的热爱从未减弱，日后还引导我自己撰文著书。多少次，当我看到如今的孩子们如此沉迷于电子媒体时，我不由深感悲哀，他们很少，或者根本不了解书中所能发现的神奇世界。
我跟纳尔逊牧师提及他如何每天清晨和集合在一起的学生做祷告，以此开始小镇初中的一天。我告诉他，我后来所做的任何有意义的事，都至少部分地是受了他那些学校晨祷的影响。
在给外祖母的信中，我谈到了她用了种种方式教我讲真话，教我与人分享，教我宽恕、体谅他人。我感谢她多年来让我吃她烧的美味菜肴，离开她后我从来没吃过那么可口的菜肴。最后，我感谢她，因为她在我的生命中撒下美妙的遐想。
睡觉前，我这三封信都送进了船上的邮袋。我们抵达图拉吉岛后都寄了出去。
我们卸了货，又装了其它物品，随后我们按熟悉的常规，再次出海。一天又一天，一
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星期又一星期，我个人的经历渐渐淡忘。我们在海上航行时，有时会与邮船会合，邮船会带给我们家信，当然，这是我们视为最紧要的事情。
每当船上的喇叭响起广大伙听好!邮件点名!”200名左右的水手就会冲上甲板，围聚在那两个站在宝贵的鼓鼓囊囊的灰色邮袋旁的水手周围。两人轮流取出一把把信件，大声念出收信水手的名字；叫到的人一边从人群中挤出来，一边应道广来了，来了!”
一次“邮件点名”带给了我外祖母、爸爸以及纳尔逊牧师的回信——我读了信，既震惊又深感卑微。
他们没有说他们原谅我以前不曾感谢他们，相反，他们却向我致谢，天哪；就因为我记得他们做的事，并认为他们做了不同寻常的事。
身为大学教授的爸爸向来特别留意不使用任何过于感情化的文字，因此，当他信中写道，在教了许许多多的年轻人之后，他现在认为自己最优秀的学生当中也包括自己的儿子时，我知道他是多么地感动。
纳尔逊牧师写道，他那平凡的老派校长的岁月随着学校里发生的如此迅猛的变化而告结束，他也怀着自我怀疑的心态退了休。“说我做得不对的远远多于说我做得对的，”他写道，接着又说我的信给他带来了令人振奋的信心：自己的校长生涯还是有其价值的。
一看到外祖母那熟悉的笔迹，我顿时回想起往日站在她的白色摇椅旁看她给亲戚写信的情景。外祖母一个字母一个字母地慢慢拼出一个词，接着再写下一个词，因此写满一页要花上几个小时。外祖母最近花费不少工夫对我表达了充满慈爱的谢意，读着老人家的信我禁不住流泪——从前是她给我换尿布的呀!
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许多年后，我从海岸警卫队退役，试着靠写作为生，我一直不曾忘记那三封“感谢”信是如何使我认识到，大凡人都暗自期望着有更多的人对自己的努力表达谢意。
现在，感恩节又将来临，我自问，对此文的读者，对我们的祖国，事实上也是对全世界，我有什么祝愿，因为，用一位善良而且又有智慧的朋友的话来说，“我们究其实都是十分相像的凡人，有着相似的需求。”当然，我首先祝愿大家记住这一简单的常识：实现世界和平，这对我们自身的存亡至关重要。
此外我还有别的祝愿——这一祝愿是如此强烈，我将这句话印在我所有的信笺底部现并褒扬各种美好的事物。”
第六单元
人情味
课文A
约翰西病情严重，她似乎失去了活下去的意志。医生对她不抱什：么希望。朋友们看来也爱莫能助。难道真的就无可奈何了吗？
最后一片叶子
欧•亨利
在一幢三层砖楼的顶层，苏和约翰西辟了个画室。“约翰西”是乔安娜的昵称。她们一位来自缅因州+一位来自加利福尼亚。两人相遇在第八大街的一个咖啡馆，发现各自在
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艺术品味、菊苣色拉，以及灯笼袖等方面趣味相投，于是就有了这个两入画室。
那是5月里的事。到了11月，一个医生称之为肺炎的阴森的隐形客闯入了这—它冰冷的手指东碰西触。约翰西也为其所害。她病倒了，躺在床上几乎一动不动，小窗望着隔壁砖房那单调沉闷的侧墙。
一天上午，忙碌的医生扬了扬灰白的浓眉，示意苏到过道上来。
“她只有一成希望，”他说。“那还得看她自己是不是想活下去。你这位女朋友已经下决心不想好了。她有什么心事吗?”
“她——她想有一天能去画那不勒斯湾，”苏说。
“画画?——得了。她有没有别的事值得她留恋的——比如说，一个男人?”
“男人?”苏说。“难道一个男人就值得——可是，她没有啊，大夫，没有这码子事。”
“好吧，”大夫说。“我会尽一切努力，只要是科学能做到的。可是，但凡病人开始计算她出殡的行列里有几辆马车的时候，我就要把医药的疗效减去一半。”大夫走后，苏去工作室哭了一场。随后她携着画板大步走进约翰西的房间，口里吹着轻快的口哨。
约翰西躺在被子下几乎一动不动，脸朝着窗。她望着窗外，数着数——倒数着数!
“12，”她数道，过了一会儿“11”，接着数“10'’和“9”；再数“8”和“7”，几乎同时数下来。
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苏朝窗外望去。外面有什么好数的呢?外面只看到一个空荡荡的沉闷的院子，还有20英尺开外那砖房的侧墙，上面什么也没有。一棵古老的常青藤爬到半墙高。萧瑟秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎光秃秃的。
“6，”约翰西数着，声音几乎听不出来。“现在叶子掉落得快多了。三天前差不多还有100片。数得我头都疼。可现在容易了。又掉了一片。这下子只剩5片了。”
“5片什么，亲爱的?”
“叶子。常青藤上的叶子。等最后一片叶子掉了，我也就得走了。三天前我就知道会这样。大夫没跟你说吗?”
“噢，我从没听说过这种胡说八道。常青藤叶子跟你病好不好有什么关系?别这么傻。对了，大夫上午跟我说，你的病十有八九就快好了。快喝些汤，让苏迪给她生病的孩子去买些波尔图葡萄酒来。”
“你不用再去买酒了，”约翰西说道，两眼一直盯着窗外。“又掉了一片。不，我不想喝汤。这一下只剩下4片了。我要在天黑前看到最后一片叶子掉落。那时我也就跟着走了。我都等腻了。也想腻了。我只想撇开一切，飘然而去，；就像那边千片可怜的疲倦的叶子
“快睡吧，”苏说。“我得叫贝尔曼上楼来给我当老矿工模特儿。我去去就来。”
老贝尔曼是住在两人楼下底层的一个画家。他已年过六旬，银白色蜷曲的长髯披挂胸前。贝尔曼看上去挺像艺术家，但在艺术上却没有什么成就。40年来他一直想创作一幅传
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世之作，却始终没能动手。他给那些请不起职业模特的青年画家当模特挣点小钱。他没节制地喝酒，谈论着他那即将问世的不朽之作。要说其他方面，他是个好斗的小老头，要是谁表现出一点软弱，他便大肆嘲笑，并把自己看成是楼上画室里两位年轻艺术家的看护人。
苏在楼下光线暗淡的画室里找到了贝尔曼，他满身酒味刺鼻。屋子一角的画架上支着一张从未落过笔的画布，在那儿搁了25年，等着一幅杰作的起笔。苏把约翰西的怪念头跟他说了，并说约翰西本身就像一片叶子又瘦又弱，她害怕要是她那本已脆弱的生存意志再软下去的话，真的会凋零飘落。
老贝尔曼双眼通红，显然是泪涟涟的，他大声叫嚷着说他蔑视这种傻念头。
“什么!”他嚷道。“世界上竟然有这么愚蠢的人，因为树叶从藤上掉落就要去死?我听都没听说过这等事：。你怎么让这种傻念头钻到她那个怪脑袋里?天哪!这不是一个像约翰西小姐这样的好姑娘躺倒生病的地方。有朝一日我要画一幅巨作，那时候我们就离开这里。真的。”
两人上了楼，约翰西已经睡着了。苏放下窗帘，示意贝尔曼去另一个房间。在那儿两人惶惶不安地凝视着窗外的常青藤。接着两人面面相觑，哑然无语。外面冷雨夹雪，淅淅沥沥。贝尔曼穿着破旧的蓝色衬衣，坐在充当矿石的倒置的水壶上，摆出矿工的架势。
第二天早上，只睡了一个小时的苏醒来看到约翰西睁大着无神的双眼，凝望着拉下的绿色窗帘。
“把窗帘拉起来；我要看，”她低声命令道。
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苏带着疲倦，遵命拉起窗帘。
可是，瞧!经过一整夜的急风骤雨，竟然还存留一片常青藤叶，背靠砖墙，格外显目。这是常青藤上的最后一片叶子。近梗部位仍呈暗绿色，但边缘已经泛黄了，它无所畏惧地挂在离地20多英尺高的枝干上。
“这是最后一片叶子，”约翰西说。“我以为夜里它肯定会掉落的。我晚上听到大风呼啸。今天它会掉落的，叶子掉的时候，也是我死的时候。”
白天慢慢过去了，即便在暮色黄昏之中，他们仍能看到那片孤零零的常青藤叶子，背靠砖墙，紧紧抱住梗茎。尔后，随着夜幕的降临，又是北风大作。
等天色亮起，冷酷无情的约翰西命令将窗帘拉起。
常青藤叶依然挺在。
约翰西躺在那儿，望着它许久许久。接着她大声呼唤正在煤气灶上搅拌鸡汤的苏。
“我一直像个不乖的孩子，苏迪，”约翰西说。“有一种力量让那最后一片叶子不掉落，好让我看到自己有多坏。•想死是一种罪过。你给我喝点汤吧，再来点牛奶，稍放一点波尔图葡萄酒——不，先给我拿面小镜子宋，弄几个枕头垫在我身边，我要坐起来看你做菜。
一个小时之后，•她说：
下午大夫来了，他走时苏找了个借口跟进了过道。
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“现在是势均力敌，”大夫说着，握了握苏纤细颤抖的手。
“只要精心照料，你就赢了。现在我得去楼下看另外一个病人了。贝尔曼，是他的名字——记得是个什么画家。也是肺炎。他年老体弱，病来势又猛。他是没救了。不过今天他去了医院，照料得会好一点。” ．
第二天，大夫对苏说：“她脱离危险了。你赢了。注意饮食，好好照顾，就行了。”
当日下午，苏来到约翰西的床头，用一只手臂搂住她。
“我跟你说件事，小白鼠，”她说。“贝尔曼先生今天在医院里得肺炎去世了。他得病才两天。发病那天上午人家在楼下他的房间里发现他疼得厉害。他的鞋子衣服都湿透了，冰冷冰冷的。他们想不出那么糟糕的天气他夜里会去哪儿。后来他们发现了一个灯笼，还亮着，还有一个梯子被拖了出来，另外还有些散落的画笔，一个调色板，和着黄绿两种颜色，——看看窗外，宝贝儿，看看墙上那最后一片常青藤叶子。它在刮风的时候一动也不动，你没有觉得奇怪吗?啊；亲爱的，那是贝尔曼的杰作——最后一片叶子掉落的那天夜里他画上了这片叶子。”
第七单元
谋生
课文A
干挨家挨户上门推销这一营生得脸皮厚，这是因为干这一行不仅要经受风吹日晒还要承受一次又一次的闭门羹。比尔•波特忍受着这一切，，以及别的种种折磨。
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一个推销员的生活
小汤姆•霍尔曼
闹钟响了。是清晨5：45。他可以在被子里再躺一会儿，听听无线电广播。天气预报员预报有雨。人们会理解的。这点他清楚。
他的下背有一道手术疤痕。他右手的手指严重扭曲，连鞋带都没法系。有时，他真想放弃不干了。可在他内心深处，一直回响着已故老母的激励，还有那些说他蠢，说他不能独立生活的人的声音。他一生都在拼命去证明他们错了。他决不能放弃不干。
于是比尔•波特起身了。
他摇摇晃晃迈出了去波特兰大街的头几步，波特兰大街是他为独立与尊严而孤身搏杀的战场。他是个挨家挨户上门推销的推销员，今年63岁。他的敌人——背叛了他的残疾身体和一个不再需要他的变化着的世界——正一步一步把他逼向绝境。
他用颤抖的双手收拾行装：深色宽松裤，蓝衬衣和与之相配的茄克衫，褐色领带，土褐色雨衣和帽子。在他看来，形象就是一切。
他在门口停了一下，提起公文包，走了出去。秋风骤起，冷飕飕的。天气预报员说得没错。他将雨衣裹裹紧。
他把帽子往一侧微微一斜。
在街对面停靠的7：45那班公共汽车上，他把公文包放在司机身旁，在一群没精打采
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的十几岁的孩子当中找了个位子坐下。
他身子往前一倾，盯着司机那儿望，然后靠着椅背坐下，接着他又反复这个过程。他心情紧张，控制不住自己而笑出声来。那些孩子望着他。他们不明白，波特是担心有人偷他的包，包里有他生存不可缺少的眼镜，宣传小册子，定单，以及可用别针别上的领带。
波特意识到了小孩子在盯着他看。他把目光转向车厢地板。
他脸上没有流露出任何神情。但在他心里，他知道自己早先也该像这些孩子一样’，像车上其他所有人一样。他并不生气。但他心里明白。他母亲解释说生他时难产，医生使用了某种器械，损坏了他大脑的一部分，导致了大脑性麻痹，一种影响他说话，手部活动以及行走的神经系统的紊乱。
波特13岁那年随着当推销员的父亲工作调动来到波特兰。他上了一个残疾入学校，后来就读林肯高级中学，在那儿他被编入慢班。
但他并不笨。
他由于身体不能正常运行而使脑子不能充分发挥其功能。他说话困难，而且慢。别人不耐烦，不听他说。他觉得自己不同于——事实上也确实不同于——那些在过道里东奔西跑的孩子，那些孩子安排的舞会他永远也不可能参加。
他将来会是个什么样子呢?波特想做些事，母亲也相信他能冲破身体的局限。在她的鼓励之下，他向福勒牙刷公司申请一份工作，结果却遭到拒绝。他不能提样品包，也不能跑一条推销线路，他们说。
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波特知道自己想当推销员。他开始阅读报纸上的招聘广告。他看到沃特金斯，一家上门推销家用物品的公司要人，他母亲就跟其代理人安排会面。那人说不行，可波特就是不听。他只是需要一个机会。那人让步了，把城里一个其他推销员都不要的区域派给了他。
波特一开始四次都没敢敲门，第五次才鼓起勇气按了第一户人家的门铃。开门的那人让他走开，这种情形持续了一整天。
当晚，波特仔细阅读了公司的宣传资料，发现产品都是保用的。他要把保用作为卖点。只要别人肯听他说话就成。
要是客户回绝波特，拒绝倾听他的介绍，他就一再上门。就这样他将产品卖了出去。
他连着几年都是沃特金斯公司的最佳零售推销员。如今他是该公司44，000名推销员中惟一一个上门推销的人。
公共汽车在公交中转购物中心站停下，波特下了车。
他的身体不适合行走。每走一步关节都疼。头疼也是习以为常的事。他的右臂几乎没用。他不能完全控制这只手臂。他的身体从腰部开始前倾，看上去就像是顶着一股强劲的吹个不停的风迈步向前，风似乎要把他刮倒。有时他看上去就像是个刚刚学步的孩童。
他每天要走10英里的路程。
像平日一样，他今天的第一站是个擦鞋摊；这里的雇员替他系好鞋带。他每周请他们擦两次鞋。附近一家旅馆的门卫替他扣上衬衣最上面一粒纽扣，戴上用别针别上的领带。随后他步行去搭乘另一部巴士，在距离他的推销区域一英里处下车。
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他是差不多3个小时前从家里动身的。
风冷雨急。波特在第一户人家门前停了下来。这是他从5：45分开始就准备着的时刻。他按了门铃。
一位妇人开了门。
“你好。”
“不，多谢了。我这就要出门。”波特点点头。
“那我过会儿来，可以吗?”他问。“不用了，”那妇人回答道。
她关上了门。
波特眼里没有流露丝毫神情。
他转向下一个人家。
门开了。
随即又关上。
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他连开口说话的机会都没有。波特的表情从不改变。他敲开自己推销区内的每一个家门。人们现在可能不买什么。也许下一次会买。现在不买不等于永远不买。他的一些老客户都是那些多次把他拒之门外而后来才买的人。
他沿着街道往前走。
“我不想试用这个产品。”
“也许下次试一试。”
“对不起。我在打电话。”
“不要。”
90分钟之后，波特仍没能卖出一件物品。不过，下面有的是人家。
他继续向前走。
他敲响一扇门。一位正在拾掇花园的妇女从后院走了出来。她常常买他的东西，不过今天不买，她说着走开了。
“你真的不买什么?”波特问。
她迟疑了一下。
“那么……”
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波特要的就是这一迟疑。•他尽可能快步上前，跟着她朝后院走去。他放下公文包，打了开来。他戴上眼镜，拿出产品介绍小册子，开始推销，•给那位妇人看图片，详细介绍每一个产品。
调料?
“不要。”
果酱?
“不要。恐怕今天不要什么，比尔。”
波特的听觉是他身上惟一没有一点毛病的功能。只有当他察觉对方有可能买他东西的时候才会发生例外。这个时候，他是听不见“不”字的。
胡椒粉?
“不要。”
洗衣皂?
“嗯。”
波特停了下来。他嗅到了猎物。他很快记起了她上次的订单。
“对了，你肥皂差不多用完了吧?你上次买的就是这个；：现在该差不多用完了。”
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“没错，比尔。我买一块。”
晚上7点过后，他在暴风雨中回到了家。今天没赚钱。他跟自己说别着急。这个星期还有4天呢。
至少他回到了家，不用再站立了。
屋内，俨然是保存完好的一个旧时代。电话是笨重的拨盘式的那种。没有录像放映机，没有有线电视。他家是附近惟一一家屋顶上支着电视接收天线的人家。
他过着离群索居的生活。他跟别人的来往大都限于工作上。他打开了烤炉，放了一盒冷藏食品进去，因为这样做饭方便。
他的工作通常要花去他10个小时。
他身心疲惫，知道来日无多了——不管他愿不愿意。
他的收入完全依靠佣金。他没有带薪假期，没有度假，也没有加薪。的确，有些月份收入相当微薄。
1993年，他需要做背部手术，以减轻数十年行走引起的疼痛。他卧床五个月，无法工作。他被迫出：售房子。房子的新主人了解他的处境，冻结了他的房租，并答应让他在有生之年继续住在那里。
他并不因此自悲自怜。
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房子只不过是个建筑物。一个住的地方。仅此而已。
晚饭好了。他在厨房的桌子旁吃饭，边吃边听着收音机。下午的邮差送来了他的账单，这些账单他将在这个星期后几天支付。支票簿在楼上卧室里。
他的私人支票簿。
他用打字机打上收款人的名字，随后签上名。
签名小小的，字迹潦草。
难以辨认。
可他认得出来。
比尔•波特。
推销员比尔•波特。
他坐在安乐椅上，只听得呼啸的大风猛烈地击打着他的屋子，大雨击打着屋外的街面。明天他得穿得暖和些。他觉得咽了，小心翼翼地爬上楼就寝。
没过一会儿，灯就灭了。
早晨很快就会来临。
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第八单元
克隆技术
课文A
克隆技术使我们有可能分毫不差地复制自己。这一技术是否应该获准应用?克隆技术会带来什么裨益与危险？
克隆生命诞生了
吉纳•科拉泰
1996年7月5日下午5点，有史以来最出名的小羊羔问世了。它出生在苏格兰罗斯林镇的罗斯林研究院所在的那条路上的一个小棚里，这只羊羔是在该研究院创造出来的。而它的创造者伊恩•威尔穆特，一位正在谢顶的文质彬彬的52岁的胚胎学家，却不记得自己是在什么地方听到这头名叫多利的羊问世的消息的。他甚至不记得曾接到约翰•布雷肯的电话，这位对产下多利的那头羊的整个妊娠过程进行监测的科学家在电话上说多利健康存活，体重6．6千克。
没有人打开香槟酒庆贺。没有人拍照留影。只有研究院的几位员工，以及接生的一位当地兽医在场。然而，多利，这头与苏格兰起伏的山丘上散布着的千百头其他的羊毫无异样的小羊羔，很快就改变了世界。
当后人编写我们这一时代的历史的时候，这一平静的降生，这头小羊羔的问世，将会引人注目。世界因它降生而从此改变。
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多利是头克隆羊。它不是精卵结合的产物，而是由取自一头六龄羊的乳腺细胞的基因材料生成的。威尔穆特先将取自另一头羊的卵子中的所有基因材料取出，再将该卵子与这一乳腺细胞融合。乳腺细胞的基因在该卵子中安营扎寨，令其生长发育。其结果就是多利羊，即与提供乳腺细胞的那头羊一模一样的孪生羊，只是这头孪生羊晚出生了6年。
在多利羊问世之前，克隆技术不过是科学幻想的故事。几十年前有人提出这种可能性，后来遭到摒弃，严肃的科学家那时认为克隆在近期根本不可能实现。现在这已不再是幻想，几十年之后，或许有朝一日你可以克隆自己，造出数十个，数百个，上千个基因完全相同的孪生的兄弟。事先改进你的细胞，运用基因工程注入某些基因，剔除某些基因，这样的事也不再是科学幻想。
没错，克隆的是头羊，而不是人。但羊并没有任何独特之处。甚至明确表示反对克隆人的威尔莫特也称，理论上，没有理由说人类不能使用与克隆多利羊同样的手段来克隆人类本身。“原则上没有不可能这么做的理由。”但他补充说，“我们都会认为这样做令人厌恶。”
我们生活在这样一个时代，人们为了追求道德的完善对实用主义和妥协折中的问题争论不休。而克隆技术迫使我们回到有史以来一直困扰人类的那些最基本的问题：何者为善，何者为恶?为了获得可能有益的东西，我们对邪恶的隐患能容忍到何种程度?克隆技术以其创造与我们自身完全一样的孪生兄弟的可能性，将我们带回到种种古老的罪孽：虚荣傲慢；那喀索斯式的自恋罪，以及普罗米修斯的罪孽，他以盗火来谋求上帝的神力。因此，我们在扪心自问为什么对克隆技术如此着迷之前，不得不首先审视自己的心灵，问一问：究竟是什么东西使得我们中的许多人对于尝试复制与自身基因完全等同的孪生兄弟那么不安?或者，如果我们并没有感到不安，其原因又是什么?
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我们希望子女像我们自己。即使是采用捐赠卵子或捐赠精子的夫妇也要查找精子捐献人名录，以发现与自己相像的人。若干年前，林达•帕斯坦写的一首题为《致离家的女儿》的诗曾出现在纽约地铁的墙上，诗中写道：
难道是我自己的形象
映在你的脸上
使我如此爱恋?
我俯视着安睡的你
就像那喀索斯俯视着
他那一潭清水，
随时准备跳下去——
如有必要
为你沉溺
然而，如果我们如此爱恋在子女身上映现出来的自我，那为什么我们当中有这么多人，一想到将目睹与我们完全一样的基因复制品、比自己年轻许多的双胞胎降生的时候，就会感到如此惊恐?难道大自然通过基因的任意组合将我们造就是一回事，而由我们自己实施全面控制，摒弃一切随意的念头，通过基因组合造就一个与我们相似但更为完美的孩子则又
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是另外一回事?当男女一起生育孩子时，孩子往往是两个人基因的不可预料的组合。显然，一个老笑话表明我们已经认识到了这一点，这个笑话说的是一位漂亮但蠢笨的女人向一个丑陋但才华横溢的男人建议两人一起生一个孩子。想一想吧，那女人说，孩子拥有我的容貌，你的大脑那将会多么出色。啊，那男人说，可要是孩子继承了我的容貌你的大脑呢? ‘
克隆技术使我们直接面对做人的意义这个问题，使我们直接面对生命本身的特权与限制。克隆技术也迫使我们对科学的力量提出质疑。是不是确实有些知识我们真的不想要?有一些路我们宁愿不去探寻?
我们奢谈科学的纯洁性、将科学与其后果分离的时代早已过去。如果有谁还需要提醒，科学家的纯真早已丧失，他们只要回想一下J•罗伯特•奥本海默的话。奥本海默是一位天才，他是原子弹的发明创造者之一。他在追求科学的过程中，从一个极其自信，随时准备跟着科学好奇心走的人，逐渐变成了一个谦恭困惑、想知道科学释放出了什么妖魔的人。
在原子弹造出之前，奥本海默说：“当你看到某个技术上美妙的东西时，你就毫不犹豫地去实现它。”原子弹投在长崎、广岛之后，他在1947年发表的一则令人毛骨悚然的演说中指出：“物理学家们已经尝到过罪孽的滋味，这种滋味他们无法忘记。”
如同原子弹一样，克隆技术带来的威胁与希望是复杂的、多层面的。它提供了改善生活、拯救生命的真正科学进步的可能性。在医学上，科学家梦想着运用克隆技术改编细胞的编码指令程序，这样我们就可以制造出我们自己身体的某些部分进行移植。比如说，假定你需要进行骨髓移植。如果医生摧毁你自身的骨髓，用他人的健康骨髓来取代，某些致命的白血病就能得到彻底的医治。但骨髓的基因类型必须与你自己的相匹配。不然的话，：移植的骨髓就会向你发起进攻，置你于死地。骨髓是免疫系统的白细胞的来源。如果你获得-SU人的骨髓，你就会造出别人的白细胞。如果这些白细胞认定你与它们不同，它们就
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会发起进攻。
不过，可以有别的办法。假定科学家能够用你自身的某个细胞——任何‘个细胞——将它与人的卵细胞融合。卵细胞开始分裂，生长，但你可以控制它，只让它分裂若干次。’•技术人员将它置于蛋白质当中，指令原始细胞，即胚胎细胞，长成骨髓细胞。开始时本可以克隆你的东西却可以长成你的一组骨髓——与你完美相配的骨髓。
更为困难，但并非不可思议的，是以同样的方法长成完整的器官，如肾脏或肝脏。
另一种可能性是生成器官与人类基因完全吻合的动物。如果你需要肝脏，肾脏，甚至心脏，你或许能从一头特别设计的克隆猪身上获得。
科学家称克隆技术蕴藏着无穷的可能性，因此，有人争辩说，我们不应该喋喋不休地谈论种种假设的恐惧，而去想一想克隆技术能够带来的裨益。
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