博士研究生考试考博英语模拟题2020年(95)_真题-无答案

博士研究生考试考博英语模拟题2020年(95)

(总分150,考试时间150分钟)

Structure and Vocabulary

1. 1.Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler. A. careful B. clever C. ignorant D. economical

2. 2.Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven. A. molten B. serene C. isolated D. snobbish

3. 3.Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities. A. criminal B. pump

C. psychology D. lodgings

4. 4.History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders, and outright mistakes. A. attempts B. insults C. mistakes D. arguments

5. 5.The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters. A. ridiculed B. entertained C. ignored D. drew

6. 6.The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.

A. encounter B. stick to C. prepare D. anticipate

7. 7.Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 1906—1909 and price

inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels. A. convoluted B. belied

C. encumbered D. stoked

8. 8.Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body. A. provision B. cylinder C. contradiction D. exhaustion

9. 9.The attack was meticulously planned and executed. A. negligently B. slovenly C. fussily D. discreetly

10. 10.At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects. A. damaging B. magnificent C. useful D. relevant

11. 11.His ideas are invariably condemned as______by his colleagues. A. imaginative B. ingenious C. impractical D. theoretical

12. 12.The reception was attended by______members of the **munity. A. excellent B. conspicuous C. prominent D. noticeable

13. 13.Monday's earthquake______windows and woke residents. A. slammed B. prosecuted C. rattled D. pierced

14. 14.Environmentalists______that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often. A. deliver B. deserve C. contrast D. concede

15. 15.Lately, the restaurant chain, which______ mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition.

A. caters B. fabricates C. facilitates D. flees

16. 16.The nation______ the death of its great war leader. A. protruded B. lamented C. rebuked D. racked

17. 17.The report______poor safety standards for the accident. A. blames B. charges C. complains D. accuses

18. 18.The new school building is______completion. A. nearly to B. close to C. almost at D. just about at

19. 19.Walking is excellent for working______tension. A. out B. away C. down D. off

20. 20.Any negative statements and accusations should be made______and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate. A. promptly B. thoroughly C. punctually D. exactly

Cloze

Color is very important to most animals for it helps them to get along in the world. Color【C1】______to make an animal difficult for its enemies to【C2】______. Many animals match their【C3】______so well that as long as they do not move no one is【C4】______to see them. You probably have often \"jumped\" a rabbit. If you【C5】______, you know how the rabbit sits perfectly still【C6】______you are just a few feet away. You【C7】______see the rabbit till it runs for its【C8】______matches very closely the place where it is【C9】______. Many times you may have walked past a rabbit【C10】______didn't run and you never knew it was there at all. One of the most usual color schemes that helps animals to keep【C11】______being seen, is a dark back and light underpants. If an animal is the same color all【C12】______, there is always a dark shadow along the animal's belly(腹部).【C13】______an enemy couldn't see the animal he could see this dark shadow. The shadow makes the animal【C14】______out to view. But if the belly is【C15】______than the rest of the animal, the shadow will not be noticed. 21. 21.【C1】

A. helps

B. contributes C. tries D. manages 22. 22.【C2】 A. watch B. see C. catch D. kill 23. 23.【C3】 A. conditions B. surroundings C. enemies D. bodies

24. 24.【C4】 A. enable B. hardly C. likely D. possible 25. 25.【C5】 A. do not B. had not C. did D. have 26. 26.【C6】 A. where B. there C. while D. until 27. 27.【C7】 A. sometimes B. occasionally C. seldom D. often

28. 28.【C8】 A. surface B. coat C. shape

D. appearance 29. 29.【C9】 A. sitting B. matching C. running D. jumping 30. 30.【C10】 A. you B. that C. it D. which 31. 31.【C11】 A. out of B. on C. from D. off

32. 32.【C12】 A. alone B. together C. over D. right

33. 33.【C13】 A. Even if B. Unless C. However D. As long as 34. 34.【C14】 A. stand B. stretch C. push D. bring

35. 35.【C15】 A. thinner B. darker C. bigger D. lighter

Reading Comprehension

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures— learn to do things because certain acts lead to \"rewards\"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological \"drives\" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of **fort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to \"reward\" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement \"switched on\" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning **plex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would \"smile and bubble\" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

36. 36.According to the author, babies learn to do things which______. A. are directly related to pleasure B. will meet their physical needs

C. will bring them a feeling of success D. will satisfy their curiosity

37. 37.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______. A. would make learned response when it saw the milk

B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk D. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

38. 38.In Papousek's experiment babies made learned movements of the head in order to______. A. have the lights turned on B. be rewarded with milk C. please their parents D. be praised

39. 39.The babies would \"smile and bubble\" at the lights because______. A. the lights were directly related to some basic \"drives\" B. the sight of the lights was interesting

C. they need not turn back to watch the lights D. they succeeded in \"switching on\" the lights

40. 40.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of______.

A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs C. their strong desire to **plex problem

D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills

Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in **munity, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These selections make a difference in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play.

When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.

Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in the future.

Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of **binations that can add up to a good diet.

Most people believe that they are well fed—that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk, and

yogurt, are often slighted. Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C. These include dark green leafy vegetables, deep yellow vegetables, and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers.

Every American has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed. If a person believes that she is well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her.

There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individuals to want to know how to make the best choices. For example, a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.

41. 41.Food preference in America is______. A. culturally oriented B. inherited

C. individualistic D. according to ages

42. 42.Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in______. A. celery B. banana C. milk D. cabbage

43. 43.According to the author, nutritionists are concerned with______. A. improving the vitamin content of processed foods B. restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foods C. informing the public about wholesome foods

D. helping people enjoy being uninformed about nutrition 44. 44.Some people judge their nutrition by the______. A. status of their health

B. grocery stores where they shop C. amount of protein in their diets D. food they took

45. 45.The author advocates______.

A. requiring high school students to take courses on nutrition B. making information on nutrition available to the public C. forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packages D. people has the right to choose food

Almost since the beginning of mankind, governments have been recording the numbers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by, governments found other, more creative uses for knowing their numbers. Egyptian King Ramses II used the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government projects. These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B. C.

William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fifteenth century, Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians' use of the census. They too used the

population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government projects, namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe.

A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to England's enemies. But the tide of rebellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census.

Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has. Since its beginning, the American census has gone through many changes. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes polls on transportation, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most government agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate.

Counting costs have risen since 1790. The government spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans. Today the census costs $ 250 million—more than a dollar per person. That's a long way since 3800 B. C.

46. 46.The first known census report took place in Babylonia in______. A. 1085

B. 1200 B.C. C. 3800 B.C. D. 1790

47. 47.The first census was created for the sole purpose of______. A. counting available troops B. dividing farmland C. providing manpower D. taxing the populace

48. 48.The American census today costs the government approximately______. A. $ 0. 01/person B. $ 0. 10/person C. $1. 00/person D. $ 10. 00/person

49. 49.Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it______. A. might give valuable news to England

B. would give England's enemies cause for rebellion C. would be too expensive

D. might disclose information to England's enemies

50. 50.The author implies the American census is______. A. relatively inexpensive to conduct

B. important to various government branches C. an exact count of the citizenry D. fairly expensive before 1790

It didn't happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries.

Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our

eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution.

Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences.

Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant , and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors.

For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death often follows.

Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.

51. 51.The author attributes today's air pollution to______. A. the growth of civilization B. man's carelessness

C. environmental imbalance D. some mysterious cause

52. 52.The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to______. A. protective foliage B. thick bark

C. genetic makeup D. tainted air

53. 53.Air pollution causes the most damage to______. A. hardwoods B. conifers C. fruit trees D. fluorides

. .The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is______. A. heavy industry

B. chemical processing plants

C. urban expansion D. salt spray

55. 55.We can conclude that______.

A. air pollution is easier to control than water pollution B. the problem of polluted air is a problem overnight

C. the impact of air pollution has been known for centuries D. research on the effects of air pollution is incomplete

English-Chinese Translation

56. 56.Books are to mankind what memory is to individual. They contain the history of our race, the discoveries we have made, the accumulated knowledge and experience of ages; they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature; help us in our difficulties, comfort us in sorrow and in suffering, change hours of weariness into moments of delight, store our minds with ideas, fill them with good and happy thoughts, and lift us out of and above ourselves.

Writing

57. 57.In this part, you are asked to write a composition entitled \"My View on an Admission Interview for Ph. D Candidates\" in no less than 200 words. **position should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put **position on ANSWER SHEET 2. 1．博士研究生入学面试是否必要?

2．在博士研究生人学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面? 3．你将如何展示这些方面?