Part One UK The Country
1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
Name：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Parts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, and all the offshore islands
Politically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland. 3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)
the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉） 4. the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)
The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames（泰晤士河）
5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖） ( Northern Ireland) 6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）
The people
7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. 人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。 8.Basis of Modern English race?
The earlist people known in Britain were nomads（游牧者）from mainland Europe in the Old Stone Age（旧石器时代）,followed by Neolithic（新石器时代） Iberians （伊比利亚人) and the Beaker Folk(比克人）in the Bronze Age（青铜器时代） 9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state? ①.established 'Old English'
②.laid the foundations of the English state ③. divided the country into shires
④. created the 'Witan' to advise the King(the basis of the Cabinet) 10.different invaders?
First invasion—In 55 BC, Julius Caesar Second—Caesar's second raid in 54 BC
Third and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain (recorded)
Left—In 410, Germanic barbarian attack Rome, forcing Roman troops to leave Britain, and thus ending its occupation of the island
History
9. Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” ? Sir Francis Drake 10. The Norman Conquest and its consequences The Norman Conquest (1066-1071)
Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January, 1066. Harold was chosen to
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be king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the news of Harold’s coronation, he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings. Consequences：
❖ It increased the process of feudalism.
❖ William established a strong monarchy in England. ❖ He introduced new ideas in laws. ❖ It brought changes in the church.
❖ The French language came along with the Normans.
11. When was the feudal system established in England?（封建制度） Under William, the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain (1066-1485)
12. Who signed Great Charter? King John （签署大宪章） 13. Great Charter (time, contents, nature) Time: Magna Carta 1215 Contents:（内容）
A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals without their consent; B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;
C. should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise. Nature: a feudal document 14. The Hundred Years’ War
①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453 ②. Countries: France and Britain
③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economic
The English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France. The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders. New national consciousness of England
④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim. ⑤.Three outstanding stages of the war
A. At first the English were brilliantly successful.
B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.
C. After Henry V’s death in 1422, the French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national heroine, drove the English out of France. ⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win: effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc” ⑦.Significance:
The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death, wealth and property, thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.
⑧.Effects of the war: After this war, the ruling Normans began to: A. regard England as their home.
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B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation. C. reestablish English (language) as their official language. D. make effort to try to develop their industry
(The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.) 15. The War of Roses (1455--1485)
①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York
②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose, so the war got such a name. ③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war, for power and wealth, for the possession of the Crown
④.Reason：
In the Hundred Years’ War, the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss, thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups, in such a situation, the war broke out. At that time, the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI(1422-1461) was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster. ⑤.Result:
The Yorkist got complete victory, House of York 约克王朝(1461-1485) but a third House, the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.
⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won (descendant of Duke of Lancaster)
Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years, ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden, so it paved way for the development of capitalism. 16. The English Reformation ①. Reasons
A. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body, but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and laziness of the church hindered the social and political progress of England.
B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped. ②. Course
A. By a special act by parliament , Henry divorced and broke with the Pope. B. In 1534, Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church. ③.Effects
A. English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international, the English Church was strictly national.
B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility. C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.
D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly. ④.Nature
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The struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other. ⑤.People involved
A. Edward VI(1547-1553): king after Henry Ⅷ’s death
B. “Bloody” Mary(1553-1558):daughter of Catherine, reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.
C. Elizabeth I (1558-1603): Queen after Mary, restored Anglican Church. 17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentatives? Distinguished Representatives：
A. Sir Thomas More, the greatest English humanist, “Utopia”
B.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)greatest dramatist , 37 comedies, tragedies and histories
C. poetry----Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare & Donne D. John Milton’s Paradise Lost, 1667
E. English materialism---Francis Bacon(1561-1626)also a statesman& an essayist 18. Civil War (1642-1649)（内战）
①.Background of the war（战争的背景）
The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie, Charles took counteraction, the war broke out. ②. Groups of the war
A. Roundheads--supporters of Parliament free farmers; tradesmen; craftsmen B. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supporters
Catholics; feudal lord 1649, Charles’ army was defeated, he was beheaded; in May 1649, England was declared a Commonwealth（共和政府时期）. In 1653, Cromwell was made Lord Protector（护国公） for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate（摄政时期） and Parliament was dissolved. He became a“king”in all but name. 19. The Glorious Revolution of 1688（1688年的光荣革命） After three years’ struggle, the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution, the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688, the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution. 20. Whigs and Tories（辉格党和保守党） The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal Party The Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party 21. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)（工业革命） ①.Definition （定义） During the latter half of the eighteenth century, a rapid series of extensive changes began, especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changes is often described as the “Industrial Revolution”. 4 ②. Inventions（发明） A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized. B. In 1769, the steam engine was created by James Watt. C. In 1785, the power loom the application of power to machinery D. The use of iron and coal E. In 1764, the Spinning Jenny was invented G. In 1814, the first successful steam locomotive ③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution（工业革命的后果） A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world. B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner. C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”. E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. F. Two conflicting classes were born . G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: （工业革命） ▪ Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机 ▪ Spinning mule 走锭细纱机 ▪ Power loom 动力纺纱机 ▪ Steam engine 蒸汽机 H．Means of transportation（交通方式） ▪ canals were dug to ship goods ▪ the locomotive invented in 1814 ▪ the first railway completed in 1825 ▪ large merchant fleet I．By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain J．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways （1）dramatically increased industrial productivity （2）the process of urbanization （3）changes in class structure （4）The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue 22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765. Government and Politics 23. constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. 君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。 24. the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule. To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic 25. three elements of parliament（议会组成） The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons 5 26. The main functions of Parliament（议会的主要作用） To legislate To vote the taxation and expenditures of the government To examine government policies and administration To debate major current political issues 27. Where does the real power lie? Cabinet（内阁） Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government 28. two parties in the UK（政党） The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government, distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyone The Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privileges Judiciary（司法） 29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. 30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员。 31. Scotland Yard(伦敦警察厅）: headquarter of the Metropolitan Police Education 32. the compulsory education（义务教育） Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school. 33. two education system private schools 私立学校 public schools公学 34. the oldest university：Oxford Others 35. The largest religious festival：Christmas 36. The oldest newspaper：The Times 37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporation（the BBC） The most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅 Part Two USA The country 1. 50 states (the largest, the smallest, the purchased ones)（50个州） Alaska—the largest （阿拉斯加州） Rhode Island—the smallest （罗德岛州） Texas—the largest on the mainland（德克萨斯州） Alaska—the purchased ones（购买） 2. 13 colonies（13个殖民地） Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America Delaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚 New Jersey 新泽西 6 Georgia 乔治亚 Connecticut康涅狄格 Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞 Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳 New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚 New York 纽约 North Carolina 北卡罗来纳 Rhode Island 罗德岛 3. 5 great lakes, the longest river? Lake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario the longest river：the Mississippi River（密西西比河） 4. who discovered the new continent? In 1492, Christopher Columbus, found America, a new continent instead of India. History 4. Independence war ❖ 1775, 13 colonies began rebellion ❖ 1776, proclamation of independence ❖ 1777, victory at Saratoga, the turning point of American revolution ❖ 1781, surrender of Britain ❖ 1783, Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nation Causes: growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people: The British government: • to bring the development of the colonies under control • to collect more taxes. • practiced unfair price policies • put into effect many taxes: The Stamp Act: (印花税法令） an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766 the Townshend Acts(唐森德条令) All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770. The 13 colonies: • wanted more power to determine their own business • opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies. • The Boston Massacre（波士顿大屠杀） (1770) • Some British solders fired at the people, killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant. • The Boston Tea Party(波士顿倾茶事件） • demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea • an example of the conflicts between the British • government and the American people. 5. Continental congress The First Continental Congress1774 (第一次大陆会议） 7 • held in Philadelphia in September, 1774 before the war. • encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods. • Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then. Beginning of the War • The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19, 1775. The Second Continental Congress (第二次大陆会议） • held in Philadelphia in May, 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord. • The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington, a Virginia militia commander. The Declaration of Independence July4, 1776 （独立宣言） • drafted by Thomas Jefferson • adopted by the Congress on July4, 1776 • declared the independence of the 13 colonies 6. Civil war（内战1861-1865） The Situation Before the War: Two economic systems in the North and the South North Capitalist Economy South Plantation The Growth of the working class Uncle Tom’s Cabin free and slave states (1860) Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery. Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861. a war to abolish slavery Union army Vs. Confederate army ❖ Surpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness. ❖ Effect: put an end to the salve system in America Aftermath of the war: In south: KKK(Ku Klux Klan) In north: building an enterprising way of life In west: cowboy 7. Great depression (1930’s)（经济危机） The stock market crash in 1929 Massive unemployment, factory and mill closings, and mortgage foreclosures A breakdown of the nation’s entire economy 8. New Deal Franklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” （罗斯福新政） The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform American Identity 9. melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”（熔炉/“移民国家”） Reasons: ①.Country was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants 8 ②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country. ③. The most heterogeneous(多种多样的) societies Influence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America. 10. Indian Reservations（印第安保留地） Indians’struggle and sufferings: ①. first driven out of their familiar land ②. either wholly or partially destroyed ③. lose their land to white invaders ④. lose their peaceful family & community life ⑤.“Indian Reservations” Today’s Indians: ①. the poorest ②. lower incomes ③. the highest unemployment, school dropout, and suicide rates ④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy ⑤. call of pan-Indianism Political Institutions 11. Checks and balances （分权制衡） 12. Congress（国会） The legislative branch of the federal government. Congress：Senate (参议院):2年选1/3,6年 House of Representatives (众议院):2年全选，2年 表格对比： Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interests Representatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts” Congress makes all laws. Each state has two Senators, regardless of population, and, since there are 50 states, then there are 100 senators. 13. General election（大选） Is elected every 4 years 4-year term of office No more than 2 full terms allowed He must convince Congressmen, the Representatives & the Senators. 14. two parties（两党） the American political system is dominated by two political parties: the Democratic Party（民主党donkey） the Republican Party（共和党elephant） The Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey, while the Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant. 15. The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution 9 最高法院唯一有权解释宪法 Education 16. compulsory education（义务教育） Elementary（初等） and secondary（中等） education—the basis of public education, free and compulsory, 12 grades One academic year—from September through June Different divisions of school systems: elementary school—one through eight high school—next four years elementary school—one through six junior high school—seven through nine senior high school—ten through twelve Higher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. （高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立） The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 1636 17. list some famous universites in America, are they public or private? The oldest one is ? Ivy League—including eight universities (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth,Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Yale) MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院） Harvard is the oldest one. Others 18. the typical American festival is ? New Year’s Day（新年） Epiphany（显现节，主显节） Lent（四旬斋） Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日 St. Valentine's Day（情人节） Easter复活节 Thanksgiving Halloween万圣节 Washington's Birthday（华盛顿诞辰日） Lincoln's Birthday（林肯纪念日） President's Day（总统纪念日） 19. Independence Day （美国独立纪念日） Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday. The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776, the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence. 4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S. We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies. On July 4, 1776, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, well-known patriots, declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades. 10 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容