定语从句
一个好人 a good man（形容词作定语，修饰man） 一个做好事的人 a man who does good things（定语从句作定语，修饰man） 定语从句顾名思义，就是作定语的句子，主要用于修饰句子中的名词、代词（先行词）。定语从句的位置常常是紧跟在被修饰的名词、代词的后面。在被修饰的名词、代词与定语从句之间往往有一个关系词将其前后两部分联系成一个整体.从结构上说，关系词与从句是一个整体。 those who drink a lot 那些大量饮酒的人 在这个带有定语从句的代词短语中： 定语从句在句子中的位置、结构：
被修饰的名词 / 代词（先行词） + 关系词 + 句子 (其中，\"被修饰的名词/代词\"在语法叫作\"先行词\".) Unacceptable things=things that are unacceptable 迈克是一个经常做好事的人。 那些大量饮酒的人会患许多疾病。 他总是说一些难以接受的事。 (一) 关系词
定语从句中的关系词有两类：关系代词和关系副词。 1）关系代词：who , whom , whose , which , that 等。 关系代词who
(1) 关系代词who 的先行词是指人的名词或代词，在句中做主语,不可省。 She looked at Jeff who was waving his arms.她看着正在招手的杰夫。
I have a friend who likes listening to classical music.我有个喜欢古典音乐的朋友。 定语从句的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。
I don’t like people who get angry easily.我不喜欢容易生气的人.
（2）先行词如果是指人物成员的集体名词，关系代词也用who
The family who live upstairs are fond of music.住在楼上的这家人喜欢音乐. This class, who have got tickets , will go to the theatre this afternoon. （3）关系代词who可以引导非限制性定语从句
Betty , who has never been abroad, is studying English very well.
He , who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1965. 关系代词whom
（1）关系代词whom的先行词也是指人的名词或代词，在从句中做宾语。在非正式文体中关系代词who可以代替whom做宾语，且who和whom都可以省略。 Where is the student(whom/who) I saw this morning ? The family (whom /who)I ’m staying with live in town. The boy( whom/who )John spoke to is my brother. （2）定语从句中的介词前置到whom之前，whom不可以省略。也不可以用who The family with whom I ’m staying lives in town. The boy to whom John spoke is my brother. （3）whom关系代词可以引导非限定性定语从句，不可以用who代替whom，而且不可以省略。
His mother ,whom he loved dearly , died in 1918.
XiaoHua , whom you met with in the street last month, went abroad two days ago.
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whose 用于代替\"表示人或物意义的\"的先行词，在从句中作定语，不可省略。
往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达\"某人的、某物的\"之意。例如：
Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ? Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast? A child whose parents are dead is an orphan. He wants a room whose window faces the sea. Which
1.用于代替\"表示事物意义\"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。做宾语时可省略。
Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept .
The books which help】 you most are those which make you think most. This is a factor which we must not neglect. I've got a novel which you may like to read . That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 2.介词位于其前作介词宾语时，which不能省略。
Where is the book from which you learned this sentence? 3.which可用于非限制性定语从句中，代表物或整件事。
The book, which I bought yesterday, was written by Ji Xianlin. Tom passed the exam, which made us surprised.
that 既用于代替\"表示人的意义\"的先行词，也用于代替\"表示事物意义\"的先
行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，做宾语时可以省。在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。 The letter that came this morning is from my mother.
Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again. Have you forgotten about the money (that) I lent you last week? All the people (that) I invited have come.
The hotel (that) we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable. （that代表物，在从句中作介词宾语，可省）
The hotel at that we stayed was both cheap and comfortable.（错误）
只用that不用which的情况
1先行词为the one, much, few, little, all,no, none, everything, something,anything, nothing等不定代词时
Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy . Is there anything that I can do for you?
There must be something that happened to you . They had nothing that could cure of his disease .
2先行词（指物的）前面有only, few, one of, little, no, all, every, very等词修饰时
There's no difficulty THAT we can't overcome.
I've read all the books THAT can be borrowed here. This is the very man THAT I want to see.
This is the only example that I know.我知道的例子只有这一个. My necklace is not the only thing that's missing.
That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。
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4.当先行词是数词，序数词或含有最高级时。
That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.
This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . The first thing that we should do is to get some food. 6当先行词既指人又指物时。
I remember the persons and pictures that I saw yesterday。（不用who或者which） The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really famous.
7当主句是以who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时,为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。
Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat?
Which is the course that we are to take?我们选哪门课程?
8.如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词宜用 that。He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 9.主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。There is a bird that is still alive.有一只鸟还活着。
10.先行词在主从句中都做表语，则该关系代词宜用that。 He is not the man that he used to be .（不用who） Jack is not the boy (that) he was ten years ago Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
只用which不用that的情况 1、 关系代词前面出现介词时
A.Those days in which you could travel without a passport has gone. B.That`s the motel at which we stayed several years ago. 2、 在非限制性定语从句中。 3、 先行词为that/ those，或先行词为“that+单数名词，those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.
what about that which had appeared in recent activities?
What’s that which is under the desk？在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？ Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. Have you notice that child which has lost his way to home in the supermarket ?
只用who不用that的情况
1、当先行词是one, ones,anyone时。
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 所有违法的人都该受到惩罚 2先行词为those且指人 ：
Those who break the law will be punished. 违法的那些人都会受到惩罚。。 3.非限制性定语从句中。
I have a good friend, who comes from the USA.
介词+关系代词
在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which 。较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题 总之，要依从句的具体需要而定。
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高考英语语法重点：定语从句详细文档
A）动词与介词的搭配
The man to whom you talked just now will hold the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to + 名词 \"与某人谈话\" ） 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。
B）名词与介词的搭配
They are still living in the little house in which they've been lived for 15 years . （ in the house \"在屋子里\" ）他们现在还住在他们已住了15年的那个小房子里。
We've worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通过某种方法) 我们已研制出了一个能大规模提高生产的方法。
She didn't realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend \"到某种程度\" ） 她没有意识到她心烦意乱的程度。
C）形容词与介词的搭配
The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with \"对…表示满意\")
老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她没有工作效率而被解雇。
I've found the job for which I've been eager for a long time.（ eager for \"渴望得到…\" ） 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。
He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .
(familiar with 熟悉…)他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人。
2)关系副词：when , where , why。
有时\"先行词\"本身是表示事物的名词，而它在从句中却与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语，在这种情况下，我们就应该用\"关系副词\"而不是\"关系代词\"
Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class . 如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是：
Tell him to go to the classroom We often have our English class in the classroom 在定语从句中，关系副词 = 介词 + which 。 关系副词 先行词 成分 原因 原因状语 Why (=for which) When (=at/on/in/during which) Where (=at/in which) 时间 地点 时间状语 地点状语 when 代替表示时间的名词，在从句中做时间状语；先行词必须是表示时间的名词，常用的例如hour, day, year, time等
People will always remember the time when Hong Kong returned to our motherland . He came at a time when we needed help .
We don't know the exact time when the English exam will start .
where 代替表示地点的名词，在从句中做地点状语，修饰从句谓语动词；先
行词通常是表示地点的名词，常用的例如house, factory, palce等
The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams .
注意：I visited the office where（in which） he once worked.
I visited the office (which/that) he once worked in.
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注意：当先行词为抽象的地点名词如 situation, condition,case, point,position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名词时，关系词用where. ① He has reached the point ______ a change is needed.
② Can you come up with a situation_____ this phrase can be used.
（1）why 代替表示原因的名词，在从句中做原因状语；先行词必须是表示
原因的名词，常用的就两个reason, cause。 This is the reason why I didn’t come here.
He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy . The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .
They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before . （2）why引导的定语从句时，先行词可省略
因此例句可以改为：This is why I didn’t come here. 关系副词有how吗？
how 不可以作为表示方式的关系副词，在英语中若要表示方式，用以下四种句型
1） the way +从句
2）the way that +从句 the manner that +从句 3）the way in which +从句
e.g. (4) I don’t like ______ you speak to her.
A the way B the way in that C the way which D the way of which 定语从句的种类
在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。
非限定性定语从句
它与主句之间有一个逗点\"，\"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。引导词只有who,whom,which.
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成\"一件事情）。
太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。
The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对上句中的电能进行补充、说明）。
区别：非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。
The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：\"这位老人只有一个儿子\" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a son who is in the army . (那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿
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子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：\"这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作，还有其他的儿子在干别的工作\"。）那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。 Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come. Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. Those who has finished may leave the classroom.
He is the one of the boys who are going to attend the meeting. The house where he lives in needs repairing. This is the time at when he is sleeping. Is this factory that you visited yesterday?
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